Therapeutic management of copper deficiency in buffalo heifers: Impact on immune function

To evaluate the magnitude of copper deficiency in Northern India and to examine the various haematobiochemicals, enzymes, vitamins and immune functions affected by copper deficiency, and to identify the parameters which can be of diagnostic importance in copper deficiency, a survey was conducted in 12 districts of Northern India. Significant deficiency of copper was observed in soil, fodder and serum samples of buffalo heifers. Fifty hypocuperaemic buffalo heifers were selected from these areas and were randomly divided into two groups, A and B. The heifers in group A were provided with mineral mixture containing copper sulphate and in group B without copper sulphate. Significant (p < 0.01) improvement in serum ceruloplasmin level was observed within 30 days of treatment, while significant (p < 0.01) improvement in monoamine oxidase and liver cytochrome oxidase was observed at the 60th day of treatment in group A animals. Significant improvement was observed in T₃ and T₄, in the animals of group A within 60 days of treatment. The values of vitamin A and E showed significant (p < 0.01) improvement within 30 days of treatment. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils against Candida albicans significantly (p < 0.01) improved in group A within 60 days of treatment. Similarly, significant improvement in superoxide dismutase activity in red blood cells was observed at the 30th day, and in total leukocytes and whole blood at the 60th day in group A animals. Significant improvement in liver copper level was observed at the 30th day of treatment, while in group B the liver copper was significantly (p < 0.01) depleted at the 60th day of experimentation. Additional copper supplementation improved growth performance significantly in group A.     

The effect of enzyme supplementation on the true ileal digestibility of a lupin based diet for piglets

A trial involving 24 weaned piglets was conducted to evaluate the effect of two alpha-galactosidases, associated or not with a cellulase and hemicellulase enzyme mixtures, for improving the nutritive value of a cereal–Lupinus albus based diet. Enzyme supplementation was unable to improve apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein and true ileal digestibility of amino acids. However, ileal digestibility of NDF tended to increase with enzyme supplementation, suggesting a residual hemicellulase activity in both -galactosidases mixtures under analysis.     

再生水灌溉对冬小麦不同生育期抗氧化酶系的影响

通过对冬小麦再生水灌溉与清水灌溉的比较研究,从作物生理角度确定再生水灌溉的可行性。试验采用不同预处理的城市再生水;同时进行大田和盆栽两种培育方式;以冬小麦叶片为检测样品;以可溶性蛋白、丙二醛（MDA）含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、超氧化物酶（POD）为测定生物学指标作为评价。分别在不同生育期测试了再生水灌溉和清水灌溉冬小麦下,上述指标的差异。结果表明：再生水灌溉与清水灌溉对冬小麦抗氧化酶系的影响没有显著差异,从而说明以再生水灌溉冬小麦是可行的。     

Investigating the impact of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and glucoamylase action on yeast-mediated bread dough fermentation and bread sugar levels

Wheat flour is generally supplemented with α-amylases to increase maltose levels in bread dough and increase loaf volume. While the preference of yeast for glucose and fructose over maltose as substrate for fermentation is well documented, the impact of maltose versus glucose producing enzymes on bread dough fermentation kinetics and bread sugar levels is ill documented. Hence the impact of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and glucoamylase action on both aspects was investigated. Glucoamylase and α-amylase increase the total fermentable sugar content of dough, while α-glucosidase only affects the glucose/maltose ratio. Due to their effect on total fermentable sugar levels, addition of α-amylase or glucoamylase prolongs the total productive fermentation time, while this is not the case for α-glucosidase. In contrast to α-amylase, both glucoamylase and α-glucosidase supplementation leads to higher CO₂ production rates during the initial stages of fermentation. In the final bread product, different sugar levels are observed depending on the dosage and type of starch-degrading enzyme. The results of this study imply that long and short fermentation processes benefit from α-amylase and α-glucosidase addition, respectively, while glucoamylase supplementation is suitable for both long and short fermentation times.     

麦麸资源分级分离高值利用的尝试研究

麦麸是小麦制面粉过程中的副产物,含有大量淀粉、膳食纤维及蛋白质,是一种宝贵的资源。以麦麸为原料,采用稀碱浸提蛋白,耐高温α-淀粉酶液化淀粉,分离出的液化液经过糖化酶处理制备葡萄糖,固体部分经过超声波改性后成为膳食纤维,麦麸的主要成分基本得到了利用。设计工艺流程,对产物进行了表征。结果蛋白提取利用率为70．18％,淀粉提取利用率为91．05％,纤维提取利用率为94．69％。     

根外追肥对新疆杨叶片内叶绿素含量及保护酶活性的影响

试验研究了根外追肥对新疆杨叶片内叶绿素含量及保护酶活性的影响规律,以期为确定最佳的尿素根外追肥浓度提供理论依据。结果表明:根外追肥可以提高新疆杨叶片内的叶绿素含量,随着喷施尿素浓度的增加而升高,浓度为2.10%以上时显著高于对照;POD活性在浓度为2.10%以上时显著高于对照,其他浓度与对照之间无显著差异;SOD活性仅10月份2.10%浓度处理显著高于对照,其余浓度处理与对照之间无显著差异;PPO活性在7月份表现为随着尿素浓度的增加而降低的变化,8~10月份2.10%浓度处理显著高于对照。综合分析认为,根外追施尿素浓度以2.10%为宜。     

电场处理油葵种子对幼苗抗旱能力的影响

用不同场强的电场处理油葵品种的种子，于二叶一心期进行干旱胁迫，然后进行超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性及膜脂过氧化产物(丙二醛MDA)的含量的测定。结果表明：电场处理组SOD、POD、CAT均高于对照组，而MDA低于对照组。可以认为，静电场处理使膜结构与功能在干旱胁迫下得到保护，从而提高了油葵的抗旱性，不同电场强度对油葵品种的影响效果不同。     

氮肥基追比对弱筋小麦宁麦9号籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响

 为研究弱筋小麦籽粒淀粉形成的机制，以弱筋小麦宁麦9号为材料，对不同氮肥基追比对其籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响及相关生理基础研究表明，氮肥基追比7∶1∶2处理与5∶1∶4处理相比，花后7～28 d籽粒直、支链淀粉及总淀粉积累速率低，成熟籽粒直链淀粉含量低，支链淀粉、总淀粉含量高，剑叶蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性和蔗糖含量低，籽粒蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性低，籽粒蔗糖含量高，籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性低，淀粉积累量低。相关分析表明，籽粒中AGPP、SSS、GBSS与直、支链及总淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率呈极显著正相关，说明这几种酶对促进籽粒淀粉的积累起重要作用。     

再生水灌溉对冬小麦不同生育期抗氧化酶系的影响

通过对冬小麦再生水灌溉与清水灌溉的比较研究,从作物生理角度确定再生水灌溉的可行性。试验采用不同预处理的城市再生水;同时进行大田和盆栽两种培育方式;以冬小麦叶片为检测样品;以可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、超氧化物酶(POD)为测定生物学指标作为评价。分别在不同生育期测试了再生水灌溉和清水灌溉冬小麦下,上述指标的差异。结果表明:再生水灌溉与清水灌溉对冬小麦抗氧化酶系的影响没有显著差异,从而说明以再生水灌溉冬小麦是可行的。     

Long term CO2 enrichment stimulates N-mineralisation and enzyme activities in calcareous grassland

Elevated concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide will affect carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Possible effects include increased carbon input into the soil through the rhizosphere, altered nutrient concentrations of plant litter and altered soil moisture. Consequently, the ongoing rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide might indirectly influence soil biota, decomposition and nutrient transformations.N-mineralisation and activities of the enzymes invertase, xylanase, urease, protease, arylsulfatase, and alkaline phosphatase were investigated in spring and summer in calcareous grassland, which had been exposed to ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations (365 and 600 μl l⁻¹) for six growing seasons.In spring, N-mineralisation increased significantly by 30% at elevated CO₂, while there was no significant difference between treatments in summer (+3%). The response of soil enzymes to CO₂ enrichment was also more pronounced in spring, when alkaline phosphatase and urease activities were increased most strongly by 32 and 21%. In summer, differences of activities between CO₂ treatments were greatest in the case of urease and protease (+21 and +17% at elevated CO₂).The stimulation of N-mineralisation and enzyme activities at elevated CO₂ was probably caused by higher soil moisture and/or increased root biomass. We conclude that elevated CO₂ will enhance below-ground C- and N-cycling in grasslands.