CaCl_2和GA_3处理对布福娜种子出苗率和苗木质量的效应

[目的]研究不同处理方法对布福娜种子出苗率和苗木质量的影响。[方法]采用不同浸种溶液、浸种时间和处理方式进行三因素析因设计,应用隶属函数法对各处理组合效果进行评价。[结果]处理方式对地径影响不显著,浸种时间对出苗率影响仅呈现显著水平,药剂种类与浓度、浸种时间和贮藏方式三主因素对各指标均呈现差异极显著水平。[结论]隶属函数法得出用1%CaCl2+100 mg/L GA3溶液处理,处理时间为12 h,且采用低温沙藏的方式储藏,可显著提高布福娜种子的出苗率以及苗木质量。     

不同栽培深度对张良姜生长及产量的影响

通过研究不同栽培深度对张良姜出苗、生长、产量及品质的影响,以期为生产中科学栽培提供理论依据。试验在露地条件下进行,通过深度试验(5 cm、10 cm、20 cm、高垄)研究了张良姜在不同栽培深度、不同时期在株高、茎粗、叶片数、子姜级数、单株重等方面的差异。结果表明,栽培深度10 cm最利于张良姜的出苗;栽培深度20 cm利于张良姜前期地上部生长;面对降水较多的异常天气,高垄栽培张良姜品质最优、产量最高。     

Effects of drip irrigation with saline water on waxy maize (Zea mays L. var. ceratina Kulesh) in North China Plain

In order to study the effects of drip irrigation with saline water on waxy maize, three years of field experiments were carried out in 2007-2009 in North China Plain. Five treatments with average salinity of irrigation water, 1.7, 4.0, 6.3, 8.6, and 10.9 dS/m were designed. Results indicated that the irrigation water with salinity <10.9 dS/m did not affect the emergence of waxy maize. As salinity of irrigation water increased, seedling biomass decreased, and the plant height, fresh and dry weight of waxy maize in the thinning time decreased by 2% for every 1 dS/m increase in salinity of irrigated water. The decreasing rate of the fresh ear yield for every 1 dS/m increase in salinity of irrigation water was about 0.4-3.3%. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) increased with the increase in salinity of irrigation water when salinity was <10.9 dS/m. Precipitation during the growing period significantly lightened the negative impacts of irrigation-water salinity on the growth and yield. Soil salinity in depth of 0-120 cm increased in the beginning of irrigation with saline water, while it was relatively stable in the subsequent year when salinity of irrigation water was not higher than 4.0 dS/m and the soil matric potential (SMP) at 0.2 m directly underneath the drip emitter was controlled above −20 kPa.     

Weed emergence as influenced by soil moisture and air temperature

Emergence of weed seedlings depends on soil environmental conditions; mainly temperature and moisture, with the latter being fundamental and particularly important in environments which are characterised by irregular amounts and distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Thus, this study looks at the influence of soil moisture and air temperature on the emergence of weed seedlings. The experiment was carried out under controlled environmental conditions, using rings filled with samples of undisturbed topsoil (0–2.5 cm and 0–5 cm deep) of a Luvisol. There were four moisture levels that were maintained constant, with several repetitions (16–20). The results indicate that the maximum population density of weed plants was obtained with soil moisture near field capacity. With regard to the depth of the soil containing the seeds which contributed towards optimising population density, it was noted that the first 2–3 cm of undisturbed soil were critical for maximising the population. The emergence of seedlings was modelled using data from the 5 cm topsoil with soil moisture close to field capacity. This model indicates that a mean daily temperature sum of 446°C, which under Mediterranean autumn conditions represent a period of approximately one month, is needed, in order to obtain 80% of potential autumn-winter plant density, relative to the observed potential.     

苦豆子种子形态特性及发芽条件研究

野生苦豆子种子硬实率高,因种皮不透水和不透气,而具有深休眠性。本研究观测了野生苦豆子种子的形态特征、种子大小、千粒重和硬实率,并对H₂SO₄破除种子硬实的处理浓度和时间,植物生长调节剂和聚乙二醇(PEG)处理对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以及种子田间萌发的适宜土壤含水量和播种深度进行了研究。结果表明:苦豆子种子长为3.865mm,宽为3.358mm,厚为2.321mm,千粒重为20.775g,硬实率达99%;破除硬实处理适宜的H₂SO₄浓度为65%,时间是20min;0.02%GA3对提高种子发芽速度和幼苗生长量具有显著的作用,此外PEG处理种子能显著提高幼苗的生物量;苦豆子种子田间萌发的适宜土壤含水量为8%～12%,播种的最适深度是1～3cm。     

枣尺蠖成虫生物学特性的研究

枣尺蠖（Ｓｕｃｒａｊｕｊｕｂａ Ｃｈｕ） 是枣树的重要害虫之一, 其分布与寄主较为广泛, 近年来在我省为害极其严重。该虫在我省一年发生一代, 以蛹在枣树下土壤中和枯枝落叶层中越冬, 翌年４ 月上旬羽化, 羽化高峰期为４ 月８ 日至１７ 日, 一日内以上午７∶３０ ～９ ： ３０ 和下午６ ：３０ ～８ ： ３０羽化最多, 形成两次明显的羽化高峰, 羽化率为７５－４ ％ 。雌雄性比为２－４∶１。成虫交配高峰期为黑暗期１－５～２－５ ｈ, 交配持续时间在正常光周期下多数为３ ～７ ｍｉｎ , 在控制光周期（１４Ｌ： １０Ｄ）下多数为１５ ～３０ ｍｉｎ。每雌平均产卵量为６４５ 粒     

Stand establishment and early field vigour variation in a tropicalised shrunken-2 maize population

Low field emergence and early field vigour are major problems in shrunken-2 maize (sh-2). The genetic variability for stand-ability and early field vigour in a shrunken-2 maize population previously improved for adaptability to a tropical environment was investigated using a Design I mating system in which 40 randomly sampled males were crossed to four randomly sampled plants that served as females. Plants of the 160 crosses, representing full- and half-sib relationships, were evaluated in four sets, each composed of 40 crosses derived from 10 males during two growing seasons. Experimental design was randomized complete block with three replications. Difference in Emergence Index (EI) was not significant between the two seasons. Emergence Percentage (E%), Emergence Rate Index (ERI), and early field vigour traits viz. vigour score and seedling height determined at 28 days after planting (DAP) were, however, significantly (P < 0.05–P < 0.01) better in the first growing season. For all traits, the ‘female/male’ item was significant (P < 0.01) while ‘male’ was mostly non-significant. ‘Season × female/male’ interaction was significant for stand establishment traits but not for early field vigour traits. Averaged over all traits, dominance variance was 8.2 times higher than additive variance. Genetic variation for stand establishment and early field vigour in the tropicalised shrunken-2 maize population would be best exploited through the development of inbred lines, hybrids and synthetics. Broad-sense heritability was 53.0% for E%, 36.0% for EI, 33.0% for ERI, 71.5% for vigour score and 90.0% for seedling height. One hundred-seed weight ranged between 82.0 and 182.0 mg but correlation coefficients between seed weight on one hand, and E%, EI, ERI, vigour score and plant height on the other hand, were low (mostly <0.30) and, in general, non-significant. Emergence percentage had the highest average genotypic correlation value with the other traits studied (Mean Absolute Value = 0.71 in the first season and 0.45 in the second season). Emergence percentage, determined 10 days after planting, thus has potential for use as a selection index for stand establishment and early field vigour.     

玉米萌芽期抗旱性研究

对10个玉米杂交种进行了萌芽期的抗旱性研究。结果表明:水分胁迫降低了各杂交种发芽率,阻碍了胚根和胚芽的生长,阻碍了种子的吸水速率,降低了种子中贮藏物质的利用效率。试验表明,不同杂交种在抗旱性上存在明显差异,抗旱性强的杂交种在水分胁迫下仍然保持较高的发芽率和贮藏物质的利用效率。     

气象因子对南京市草坪夏秋季杂草发生的影响

连续两年研究南京地区马蹄金(Dichondrarepens Forst.)和狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers.)草坪杂草的出苗规律,统计分析5种草坪夏秋季恶性杂草的出苗动态,即始发期、高峰期、终发期时间及其出苗期的土壤温度。气象资料偏相关分析结果表明:地表0cm的温度为杂草出苗的主导因子,地表蒸发率与杂草出苗率呈显著负相关;空气湿度、降水、日照时数等因子与杂草出苗率的相关性不显著。通径分析结果表明:地表温度和地表蒸发率对杂草出苗的间接影响稍大于直接影响;地表温度及其蒸发率互作对杂草出苗产生的效应最大,其它因子之间的互作效应较小。     

芜湖稻区稻飞虱发生规律和预测技术

通过分析１９７６年以来稻飞虱的发生情况,明确芜湖稻区稻飞虱的发生规律和影响因素,用系统测报资料和有关气象材料做逐步回归统计分析,得到白背飞虱发生程度预测模型ｙ１＝１８５．４３＋１３．２７Ｘ１５－１．５５Ｘ１６＋０．５５Ｘ３０,历史符合率为９３．８％;主害代褐飞虱的发生程度预测模型ｙ２＝２４６．９７＋７９．５９Ｘ４－２．９４Ｘ６－１．３１Ｘ７,历史符合率为８８．２％。经１９９３～１９９５年预测检验,表明预测结果与发生实基本一致。