西藏自治区草地退化及防治对策

西藏自治区有各类草地面积8205.19万hm^2，占其土地面积的68.1%，约占我国草地面积的1／5，是我国西南地区重要生态屏障。由于生态环境的脆弱和人类不合理的利用，加之受全球气修变化等因素的影响，西藏草地出现不同程度的退化现象，草层高度降低，草地植被盖度减少，产草量下降，群落优势发生逆变的替，毒杂草增加，鼠虫害日趋严重，研究并提出了转变观念，树立草畜并重的指导思想；加强机构建设、依法管理草地；固定草地使用权、完善草畜有偿承包责任制；实现草地畜牧业由数量型向质量型、效益型转变；调速畜群结构，合理布局牧畜种群；开展草地畜牧业基础性研究和开发性研究等6项防治对策。     

Changes in a remnant of salmon gum Eucalyptus salmonophloia and York gum E. loxophleba woodland, 1978 to 1997. Implications for woodland conservation in the wheat-sheep regions of Australia

The condition of salmon gums Eucalyptus salmonophloia with large hollows in them in a 15-ha patch of remnant salmon gum-York gum E. loxophleba woodland in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia was examined in 1978. The patch was an important breeding area for six species of cockatoo, including two endangered species. The patch was revisited in 1981 when the condition of all 682 salmon gums and York gums in the patch was examined and each was measured and photographed. A further visit was made in 1997 when the condition of the surviving trees was examined and each was again measured and photographed. The condition of the trees at each visit was classified as “good”, “staghorn”, “broken top”, “dead” or “fallen.” Over the period of the study there was a serious decline in the condition of the trees, with few large trees in the “good” category by 1997. The decline was particularly marked between 1978 and 1981 after a period of well-below average annual rainfall. Using data based on the rate of decline over the period 1978-1997, predictions were made of the fate of the trees in the patch. By 2125 only 46 (11% of the 1981 total) salmon gums were predicted to be alive with only one in the “good” category. Only 16 (17%) York gums were predicted to be alive by 2125, with only one in the “good” category. There was no evidence of any regeneration of woodland trees since 1929 when the patch was isolated by clearing for agriculture, and domestic livestock allowed to graze the patch. This deterioration of the dominant trees in the patch is symptomatic of remnant native vegetation over vast areas of Australia's extensively cleared wheat-sheep regions. The future of woodland patches like the one studied is bleak, as is the future of animals dependent on them for food, breeding sites and shelter. Active management, including fencing to exclude domestic livestock and measures to encourage regeneration of native plant communities, is necessary to counter the present regime of benign neglect that characterises most of Australia's management of native vegetation in agricultural landscapes.     

Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, northern China

Overgrazing is one of the main causes of desertification in the semiarid Horqin sandy grassland of northern China. Excluding grazing livestock is considered as an alternative to restore vegetation in degraded sandy grassland in this region. However, few data are available concerning the impacts of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties. In this paper, characteristics of vegetation and soil properties under continuous grazing and exclusion of livestock for 5 and 10 years were examined in representative degraded sandy grassland. Continuous grazing resulted in a considerable decrease in ground cover, which accelerates soil erosion by wind, leading to a further coarseness in surface soil, loss of soil organic C and N, and a decrease in soil biological properties. The grassland under continuous grazing is in the stage of very strong degradation. Excluding livestock grazing enhances vegetation recovery, litter accumulation, and development of annual and perennial grasses. Soil organic C and total N concentrations, soil biological properties including some enzyme activities and basal soil respiration improved following 10-year exclusion of livestock, suggesting that degradation of the grassland is being reversed. The results suggest that excluding grazing livestock on the desertified sandy grassland in the erosion-prone Horqin region has a great potential to restore soil fertility, sequester soil organic carbon and improve biological activity. Soil restoration is a slow process although the vegetation can recover rapidly after removal of livestock. A viable option for sandy grassland management should be to adopt proper exclosure in a rotation grazing system in the initial stage of grassland degradation.     

城市土壤的压实退化及其环境效应

城市土壤普遍存在严重的压实退化现象。由于压实的影响,土壤物理性质发生了显著的改变:结构破坏、容重和硬度增大、孔隙度和渗透性降低。这些重要的变化对土壤生物活动、土壤物理-化学平衡和氧化还原状况、土壤的过滤和缓冲性能都产生影响。由此对环境产生严重的负面效应:地下水的自然回灌减少,地表径流量增加,降雨的径流洪峰加快、加大,地表水体的污染负荷增加。土壤温度、微生物活动、养分转化都不同于自然土壤,植物的生长也受到严重的影响。     

农业生态系统综合评价指标体系及其权重

本文用主成分分析和聚类分析法将刘岭村农业生态系统聚为四个亚系统类型，在此基础上，建立了四层关系综合评价指标体系，用主成分分析和层次分析法确定了各层指标的权重向量，结果与实际相符。     

Effects of modified Pb-, Zn-, and Cd- availability on the microbial communities and on the degradation of isoproturon in a heavy metal contaminated soil

The effects of modified heavy metal (HM) availability on the microbial community structure and on the microbe-mediated degradation of herbicide isoproturon (IPU) were evaluated in soil with a long-term HM contamination. The fate of ¹⁴C-ring labelled IPU was investigated for over 60 days under controlled microcosm conditions. Phosphate mineral apatite and a water solution of Pb, Zn, and Cd salts were previously homogeneously mixed into the soil material to reduce and to increase the proportion of bioavailable HM, respectively. The availability of Pb, Zn, and Cd was determined by HM fractionation and plant uptake 110 days after the addition of amendments, shortly before IPU addition. Apatite treatment reduced the availability of HM, but did not affect the microbial biomass and the microbial community structure on the genotype level (total soil DNA-RAPD). However, it changed the microbial community structure on the phenotype level, based on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) at the end of the degradation experiment. The degradation of IPU did not change. In contrast to apatite treatment, HM supplementation increased the bioavailability of Pb, Zn and Cd, which resulted in biomass reduction and changes of microbial community structure on the genotypic (total soil DNA-RAPD) and phenotypic (PLFA) level. Increased bioavailability of HM also significantly reduced the rate of IPU degradation and mineralisation. The total mineralisation over a period of 60 days decreased from 12 to 5% of initial ¹⁴C. Increased HM bioavailability did not influence the degradation pathways and kinetics of IPU.     

有机磷降解剂对生菜农残降解效果分析

[目的]分析有机磷降解剂对生菜农残的降解效果.[方法]使用酶抑制分光光度法,以紫茎泽兰、秸秆为原料制备有机磷降解剂,检测其对生菜乐果的降解效果.[结果]不同pH的紫茎泽兰酶降解剂、秸秆酶降解剂对生菜中的有机磷有明显的降解作用,降解率高达79.34％～81.91％.[结论]该研究可为开发新型的有机磷降解剂提供理论依据.     

臭氧对多种偶氮染料的处理效果的研究

[目的]研究臭氧对4种偶氮染料的处理效果.[方法]利用臭氧在相同条件下处理4种偶氮染料(酸性黑ATT、酸性大红3R、酸性品红、碱性品绿)废水,研究臭氧对这4种染料的降解效果.[结果]臭氧对4种偶氮染料的脱色效果分别是酸性大红3R＞酸性品红＞酸性黑ATT＞碱性品绿.在既定条件下,臭氧对酸性大红3R的脱色效果好于酸性品红,臭氧对酸性大红3R和酸性品红溶液的处理时间短且都能达到很好的COD去除率.但是,臭氧对酸性黑ATT和碱性品绿尤其是碱性品绿的处理不是十分的理想,所需时间较长.[结论]利用臭氧处理不同的染料需要根据不同的染料性质去改变其相应的条件.     

生物炭降解有机污染物的研究进展

生物炭是指生物质在无氧或低氧条件下高温裂解炭化而产生的一种富碳产物.由于其精致的孔隙结构和独特的表面化学性质,对土壤环境中的有机污染物有超强的吸附和降解能力,进而影响有机污染物的迁移和转化.近年来生物炭对有机污染物的吸附降解特性及机理研究已成为环境科学领域的研究热点之一.主要从生物炭的典型特征、降解有机污染物的机理、影响因素以及今后研究方向等方面进行了综述,以期为国内生物炭的研究提供参考.     

家畜营养缓释弹丸的研制及其在家畜瘤胃中的降解曲线

利用几缓释试剂加上几种赋形剂和微量矿物元素，按不同的处方进行合理配方，在弹丸模具中通过磨碎、混合、霁压等工艺成型为家畜营养缓释弹丸。将此弹丸每2枚分为一组，共分8组，分别称重后，经瘤胃瘘管投服给8只供试羊只，并且左右其降解的2.8，15,30,45,60,75和90d分别收集被降解后弹丸，置于65℃干烘箱内烘2h，室温放置12h后逐个称重；用直接投服的方法，将弹丸投服给另外6只供试羊只，分别在投饲后第60d和第90d时各屠宰3只供试羊收集弹丸。结果表明：家畜营养缓释弹丸在羊瘤胃中的降解率分别为0.97%，5.29%，16.17%，31.63%，34.26%，41.47%，43.76%和49.73%；采用直接投服的方法，在第60d、第90d屠宰时弹丸重量分别为 15.98克和13.80克。