不同杀菌剂对草坪草病原菌毒力的作用测定

采用生长速率法测定了不同杀菌剂对3种主要引起坪草病害的褐斑病菌、腐霉枯萎菌、夏季斑枯病菌的毒力。结果表明,烯唑醇、甲基硫菌灵、代森锰锌、咪鲜胺对立枯丝核菌的EC50值分别为0.078 3,5.968 4,7.181 2和11.386 8 mg/L,以烯唑醇对立枯丝核菌的毒力最高。烯唑醇、咪鲜胺、代森锰锌、甲基硫菌灵对夏季斑枯病菌的EC50值分别为0.016 2,0.554 4,6.035 3,1 218.497 8 mg/L,以烯唑醇抑菌效果显著优于其它3种杀菌剂。采用菌丝干重测定法测定了阿米西达、霜脲氰、霜克、咪鲜胺、代森锰锌对腐霉枯萎病菌的毒力,其EC50值依次为0.053 3,7.837 4,13.310 7,19.715 1,29.771 5 mg/L,以阿米西达的抑菌效果最好。     

苏丹红和饲料着色剂的区别

本文主要从苏丹红和饲料着色剂的化学结构、作用机理及毒性等方面说明饲料着色剂与苏丹红的天壤之别。     

四氯联苯对鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞的毒性影响

采用四氯联苯处理发育至Ⅹ期的白来航鸡种蛋,孵化5.5天后取出胚胎进行全固定,用石蜡切片和PAS染色(高碘酸希夫试剂)研究四氯联苯对鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞(PGCs)的影响.结果表明,四氯联苯对发育至5.5日胚龄的鸡胚性腺PGCs数量和结构有明显影响,但雌二醇处理的5.5日胚龄鸡胚PGCs数量变化不显著,其结构无明显变化.表明四氯联苯对5.5日胚龄的鸡胚性腺PGCs的影响主要来自于其毒性作用.     

Antioxidant and stomatal responses of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to boron toxicity

Although of considerable agronomic importance, our understanding of B toxicity mechanism in plants is still not completely understood, and remains an open question. Therefore, we investigated the effect of increasing levels of B (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg kg⁻¹) on the growth, boron (B) concentrations, stomatal resistance, lipid peroxidation (MDA), membrane permeability (MP), lypoxygenase activity (LOX), proline (PRO) and H₂O₂ accumulation, and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT and ascorbate peroxidase, APX) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Kalecik Karasi) grafted on 5BB rootstock (V. berlandieri × V. riparia) was investigated. Applied toxic levels of B significantly reduced leaf and root growth and increased the B concentration of the leaf, and stem, bark and root of rootstock. In the all B levels leaf tissues of grapevine accumulated more B than that of the other plant parts. In order to restrict excessive uptake of B, stomatal resistance of the leaves increased especially at high B treatments (20 and 30 mg kg⁻¹). The concentrations of H₂O₂, MDA and membrane permeability were increased as the result of B toxicity while proline and the activity of lypoxygenase were decreased. Compared with control plants, the activities of SOD and CAT were increased by B treatments while the activity of APX was decreased. To our knowledge, this is the first report that B toxicity elevated the antioxidant enzymes to protect the membrane functions from reactive oxygen species (ROS) injury in grapevine and it was hoped that this study would provide a basis for developing strategies for reducing the risks associated with B toxicity.     

纳他霉素防治苹果贮运期病害的初步研究

采用生长速率法测定了纳他霉素对苹果轮纹病菌、苹果黑星病菌、苹果黑斑病菌、苹果腐烂病菌的室内毒力,结果表明,该制剂对各病菌的抑制有效中浓度EC50分别为18.44、49.43、32.08、29.87μg/mL,并用病原菌感染方法测定了制剂对贮运期苹果的实物防治效果。纳他霉素浓度为200μg/mL的制剂各处理组在10d、14d、18d的防效分别达到52.91%、55.02%、54.12%,显著高于多菌灵对照的防效。     

动物专用头孢喹诺的研究进展

头孢喹诺是动物专用的第4代头孢菌素类抗生素,具有广泛的抗菌和强大的杀菌作用。其抗菌活性极强,对临床分离的各种革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌的MIC50、MIC90值均较小;其药动学特点优良,吸收快,达峰时间短,生物利用度较高,药时曲线下面积较大,表现分布容积也很大;头孢喹诺毒性低,在动物的可食用组织中残留较少,安全性较高。国外已将该药应用于猪、牛的呼吸系统感染及牛乳房炎的治疗。为指导头孢喹诺在我国兽医临床上的合理应用,现对其抗菌活性、药动学、残留及毒性、临床应用等最新资料进行综述。     

丁烯氟虫腈对小菜蛾的生物活性及田间防治效果

为系统地评价新药剂丁烯氟虫腈对小菜蛾的生物活性及环境因素对其应用效能的影响,在室内,建立了丁烯氟虫腈对小菜蛾幼虫的敏感毒力基线,测定了丁烯氟虫腈对小菜蛾卵的活性,测定了温度、龄期对其生物活性的影响以及对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的持效性,并进行了田间防治试验。结果表明,丁烯氟虫腈对小菜蛾具有较高的触杀毒力,48hLD50为0.45μg/头。用64mg/L丁烯氟虫腈药液浸渍,对小菜蛾卵的孵化抑制率为46.24%,且初孵幼虫存活率明显降低;丁烯氟虫腈对小菜蛾1～2龄幼虫的毒力较高,3龄以后随虫龄增大,敏感性降低;温度对丁烯氟虫腈毒力发挥有显著影响,表现明显的正温度系数效应,温度从15℃上升到32℃,毒力增强15.49倍。持效性试验表明,64mg/L丁烯氟虫腈对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的校正死亡率在84%～95%之间,持效15天以上。田间试验结果表明,丁烯氟虫腈对小菜蛾具有较好防治效果,以5%丁烯氟虫腈乳油1200倍液施药,药后1天防效达76%以上,药后7天在88%以上,与相同用量的同类药剂氟虫腈无差异显著性。     

红果米仔兰杀虫活性成分及毒力的初步研究

为探索楝科植物红果米仔兰的杀虫活性,本以生物活性跟踪法对该种植物的叶的活性成分进行了初步研究,并测定了活性物质对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力。叶的甲醇抽提物活性高于氯仿抽提物和石油醚抽提物。甲醇抽提物经氯仿萃取,所得萃取物通过柱层析,分离得到的４号流份Ｆ４有最高活性。Ｆ４对斜纹夜蛾４龄幼虫的拒食中浓度（ＡＦＣ５０）为０．１２％,致死中浓度（ＬＣ５０）为０．１３％,抑制生长发育中浓度（ＥＣ５０）为０．２１％。     

Toxicology Test and Safety Evaluation of Cefquinome Sulfate Liposomes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of the cefquinome sulfate liposomes by using the acute toxicity test, local irritation test and chronic toxicity test. The results showed that the LD₅₀ of cefquinome sulfate liposomes was 639.73 mg/kg after intramuscular injection of its suspension and 95% confidence interval was 573.06 to 714.17 mg/kg. There was no significant stimulation to muscle. Subchronic toxicity test showed that the weight, haematological indexes and biochemical criterion of rabbits in variety dose had no significant difference compared with normal group (P>0.05). There was no visible pathological changes on the liver,kidney histology. According to pathological observation, the structure of liver and kidney were clear in treated and middle dose groups,but there existed disorganized hepatic cell cord in the liver and hemorrhag between glomerulopathy,tubulointerstitial and hepatic sinusoids in high dose group. All results proved that the cefquinome sulfate liposomes was safe and reliable based on the animal experiments.     

癸甲溴铵对褐牙鲆的急性毒性及抑菌试验

通过药浴方式,进行了癸甲溴铵对褐牙鲆的急性毒性试验;采用二倍稀释法,进行了癸甲溴铵对鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌的体外抑菌试验;探讨了癸甲溴铵对鳗弧菌引起的褐牙鲆细菌性疾病的防治效果。结果表明,在19.0～21.0℃和24.5～25.5℃时,癸甲溴铵对褐牙鲆的24、48h半数致死浓度(LC50)和安全浓度(Sc)分别为6.35、4.84、0.84和2.43、2.14、0.5mg/L。通过对中毒死亡褐牙鲆的病理组织学观察表明,癸甲溴铵对褐牙鲆的鳃损害最严重,其次是肝脏,对肾脏的损害相对较轻,特别是对鳃的损害与鱼的死亡有很大的关系。在24和32℃,癸甲溴铵对鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为10、20和5、10mg/L。防治效果试验表明,癸甲溴铵0.3mg/L浓度药浴可有效防治鳗弧菌引起的褐牙鲆细菌性疾病。