Organic Chemical Characterization of Decomposing Plant Litter: A Comparison of Methods

There are two common methods to characterize organic chemical composition of decomposing plant litter, a forest products method and a forage fiber method. These methods divide litter into a few fractions based on extractions using different solvents. In this study, equivalencies were established between the fractions of the methods. Some of the equivalencies were based on similarities in the fractionation methods, whereas some were estimated empirically. The equivalencies gave similar chemical composition for different litter types as measurements. The results were also comparable to, or for certain fractions even better than, those obtained using earlier conversion equations. The equivalencies established are suitable for converting the forage fiber fractions to the forest products fractions in litter decomposition studies. Thus, they increase possibilities to exchange data on litter chemical characteristics across the methods in decomposition studies.     

大学校园生态足迹研究--以池州学院为例

[目的]评估校园资源消耗的生态足迹和生态效率。[方法]基于生态足迹成分法的思想,以池州学院校区为例,构建校园生态足迹模型,评估了池州学院资源消耗的生态足迹和生态效率。[结果]2015年池州学院校区的生态足迹总量为8 301.238 6 hm~2,池州学院的生态效率为1.732 6人/hm~2。[结论]池州学院符合绿色大学的定义,说明该校可持续发展状态较好。     

Potential carbon stock in Japanese forest soils – simulated impact of forest management and climate change using the CENTURY model

Forest management and climate change may have a substantial impact on future soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks at the country scale. Potential SOC in Japanese forest soils was regionally estimated under nine forest managements and a climate change scenario using the CENTURY ecosystem model. Three rotations (30, 50, 100 yr) and three thinning regimes were tested: no‐thinning; 30% of the trees cut in the middle of the rotation (e.g. 15 year in a 30‐yr rotation) and thinned trees all left as litter or slash (ThinLef) and the trees from thinning removed from the forest (ThinRem). A climate change scenario was tested (ca. 3 °C increase in air temperature and 9% increase in precipitation). The model was run at 1 km resolution using climate, vegetation and soil databases. The estimated SOC stock ranged from 1600 to 1830 TgC (from 6800 to 7800 gC/m²), and the SOC stock was largest with the longest rotation and was largest under ThinLef with all three rotations. Despite an increase in net primary production, the SOC stock decreased by 5% under the climate change scenario.     

一氧化碳对切花月季瓶插寿命和抗氧化代谢的影响

 研究了不同浓度(0.001、0.01和0.1μmol·L ^{- 1} ) 的外源一氧化碳(CO) 供体高铁血红素(Hematin, H) 对切花月季‘影星’的瓶插寿命和抗氧化代谢的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比, CO供体在0.001～0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}范围内, 随使用浓度的提高延长了切花月季的瓶插寿命, 其中0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}处理效果最明显, 而0.1μmol·L ^{- 1}的处理反而缩短切花月季的瓶插寿命。进一步研究发现, H 0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}处理还不同程度地上调前期过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性, 显著降低MDA含量。     

香菇液体发酵过程中碳氮源的研究

香菇液体发酵过程中碳氮源研究表明：香菇L-26菌株能利用多种碳氮源,其中碳源以地瓜淀粉最好,氮源以麦麸最好。最佳配方为：A1B2C2D2（1%的葡萄糖、0.5%的酵母膏、3%的麦麸、3%的地瓜淀粉）。     

基于生态足迹法的西部城市可持续发展评价——以宝鸡市为例

生态足迹法是一种评估区域可持续发展程度和度量维持人类的自然资源消费量的帐户工具,运用该方法对宝鸡市2004年生态足迹进行计算,结果表明该市人均生态足迹1.8887 hm2,生态承载力0.4627 hm2,生态赤字1.426 hm2;此外,对宝鸡市1995～2004年生态足迹进行了动态分析,反映出10年来宝鸡市的生态足迹超过了生态系统的承载力,城市生态系统所受压力偏大;最后提出了缓解宝鸡市城市生态压力的建议.     

干旱区资源型城市可持续发展研究——以嘉峪关市为例

利用生态足迹和生态承载力的理论和方法,以干旱区资源型城市嘉峪关市为例,对其可持续发展状况及程度进行了评价和度量.结果表明:嘉峪关市2000-2003年人均生态足迹在14.270 6～21.928 3 hm2,人均生态承载力在0.127 2～0.129 1 hm2,生态足迹远超过其生态承载力,已对生态系统构成极大压力.在此基础上,提出了降低生态赤字的途径,为嘉峪关市的可持续发展提供了理论参考.     

西安市生态足迹与生态安全的动态研究

本文在生态足迹原理的基础上,提出生态压力指数、生态占用指数和生态经济协调指数3个概念,并将其作为生态安全评价的指标体系。利用该方法对西安市1978—2003年的生态足迹与生态安全进行了定量研究。结果表明西安市人均生态足迹由1978年的1.0517hm2逐年增加至2003年的1.4419 hm2,而实际人均生态承载力则波动在0.3182(0.2759—0.3539)hm2左右,人均生态赤字从1978年的0.712 hm2增至2003年的1.166 hm2。生态压力指数从1978年的1.38逐年增至2003年的4.21,同期的生态占用指数从0.47增至0.66,生态经济协调指数由0.34降低为0.16。说明西安市现有的发展模式是不可持续的,生态环境处于极不安全状态,社会经济发展与生态环境的协调性很差。     

恩施州生态效益分析

运用生态足迹模型,对恩施州生态足迹和生态承载力进行了详细的计算。结果表明,该地区2013年人均生态足迹为1.492 2 hm2,人均生态承载力为0.780 6 hm2,人均生态赤字达到0.711 6 hm2。运用生态效益模型,通过对生态赤字的货币化处理,将生态账户的六大地形全部转换成林地,并通过林地的碳汇价值进行转换,得到恩施州货币化的生态赤字金额为186.95亿。基于此结论,对恩施州的生态可持续发展提出合理建议,以期为该地区经济与生态环境保护的和谐发展提供科学依据。     

Tree Diversity,Carbon Storage,and Soil Nutrient in an Old‐Growth Forest at Changbai Mountain,Northeast China

Abstract

The study of plant diversity and its role in ecosystem functioning is becoming a central issue in ecology. The relationships between carbon storage and tree diversity of natural forest at small scale are still unclear. This research investigated these relationships in an old‐growth forest at Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. It was found that at small scale, tree carbon storage generally increases with increasing tree species richness, but for stands with same species richness, tree carbon storage varies dramatically. At the small scale, tree species evenness has a significantly linear relationship with nature logarithm of total tree carbon storage. The stand carbon storage of trees is mainly controlled by stand tree composition. Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis, and Acer mono contribute more than 85% of stand carbon storage of trees. Stands with similar tree composition at small scale have different soil organic carbon storage and nutrient contents. Tree species evenness has great impact on soil N content at the soil horizon less than 30 cm deep, but its impacts on C/N, P, K, and S contents are small. Tree density has a negative linear relationship with soil organic C and C∶N ratio at the soil horizon is less than 30 cm deep. The implication of our findings here for carbon sequestration in the Kyoto Protocol is also discussed.