Evaluating the accuracy of mapping weeds in seedling crops using airborne digital imaging: Avena spp. in seedling triticale

Airborne multispectral imaging has been used to map patches of Avena spp. (wild-oats) in a field of seedling triticale (X Triticosecale , Wittmack). Images of the target field were acquired using a four-camera airborne digital imaging system, recording in the infrared, red, green and blue wave-bands. Spectral information derived from images of 0.5-, 1.0-, 1.5- and 2.0-m spatial resolution were correlated with detailed on-ground weed density measurements to investigate the effect of image resolution on mapping accuracy. Comparisons between normalized-difference vegetation index (NDVI) or soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) images and weed data achieved correlations of up to 71%. The highest correlation was achieved with the 0.5-m-resolution images and the lowest with the 2.0-m-resolution images. At 0.5-m resolution, NDVI images could not reliably discriminate weed populations of less than 28 weeds m^–2 from weed-free regions, while SAVI images could not discriminate populations of less than 17 weeds m^–2. At 1.0-, 1.5- and 2.0-m resolution, SAVI images could not discriminate populations of less than 23 weeds m^–2, while NDVI images again demonstrated a higher discrimination threshold. Results suggest that airborne multispectral imaging could be used as part of a stratified weed sampling system.     

南京地区草坪主要杂草初步调查

经过近３年时间的调查,观测和鉴定,发现南京地区草坪的主要杂草有２３科５３属５４种 ,其中,夏,秋季危害草坪的主要杂草有马唐,牛筋草,画眉草,狗尾草,白茅,双穗雀,李氏禾,三叶草,空心莲子草等;冬,春季危害草坪的主要杂草有泥胡菜,猪殃殃,雪见草,附地菜,蘩蒌,稻槎菜,看麦娘,粘毛卷耳,大巢菜,婆婆纳等,不同建植年限和管理水平下的草坪杂草分布特点不同。     

湿润直播稻田杂草出苗动态与发生规律

 1996～1997年在浙江嘉兴调查了湿润直播稻田杂草出苗动态和发生规律,并比较了直播与移栽,早稻、单季晚稻与连作晚稻直播,翻耕与免耕直播间杂草发生差异。湿润直播稻田杂草以稗草、千金子、异型莎草、节节菜、陌上菜为主,其次有通泉草、丁香蓼、水芹。禾本科、莎草科和阔叶杂草种类数分别占25.0%、18.8%和56.2%,出苗数量分别占11.2%、11.6%和77.2%。单季晚稻直播田稗草、千金子发生重于其他直播田,直播田稗草和千金子数量明显高于移栽田。直播田杂草于播种后3～4 d陆续出苗,1～3周达到高峰。连作晚稻直播田播后6～8周出现明显的第二个出苗高峰。以阔叶杂草为绝对优势的翻耕直播田杂草发生重于免耕田。直播田杂草数量自然消长呈现与出苗动态相同的趋势。直播田杂草发生以稗草、千金子、丁香蓼较早,节节菜、陌上菜、通泉草次之,异型莎草和水芹较迟。稗草、千金子及其他几种主要杂草出苗高峰均呈单峰状态,而节节菜、陌上菜在连作晚稻直播田的出苗则为双峰。     

30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油等量施药的次数及时间对稻田除草效果的影响

为探索如何提高稻田除草剂使用效率, 实现除草剂减量使用, 本试验以30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油为供试药剂, 以‘甬优1540’为供试水稻, 保持除草剂总量一致的前提下, 利用大田试验和温室盆栽试验, 通过设置插秧前?插秧时?插秧后单次施用100%推荐剂量, 插秧前和插秧后各施用50%推荐剂量, 插秧前及苗期各施用50%推荐剂量, 以及不施用除草剂的6种处理, 研究不同施药次数及施药时间对稻田禾本科?阔叶类?莎草科三类杂草及其总草防除效果的影响?温室盆栽试验表明, 与其他处理相比, 采用30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油于移秧后3 d施药50%推荐剂量及苗期再施50%推荐剂量的处理, 可使水稻移栽后24 d时的稗草?千金子和耳叶水苋发生量明显少于其他施药方式, 说明该施药方式对稻田杂草具有明显的抑制作用; 此外, 大田试验表明, 采用上述同样的施药方式, 可使水稻在移栽后36 d时的分蘖在各处理中达到最大量, 为16.90万/667m2, 且杂草总发生量最少, 为17.00株/m2, 杂草株防效最高, 为84.17%?本研究表明, 30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油在移秧后3 d施用50%推荐剂量, 及苗期再施50%推荐剂量, 对稻田杂草防除效果较好?     

Glutathione transferase activities toward herbicides used selectively in soybean

Using extracts from suspension-cultured cells of soybean (Glycine max cv. Mandarin) as a source of active enzymes, the activities of glutathione transferases (GSTs) catalysing the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and selective herbicides were determined to be in the order CDNB≫ fomesafen>metolachlor=acifluorfen>chlorimuron-ethyl. GST activities showed a thiol dependence in a substrate-specific manner. Thus, GST activities toward acifluorfen and fomesafen were greater when homoglutathione (hGSH), the endogenously occurring thiol in soybean, was used as the co-substrate rather than glutathione (GSH). Compared with GSH, hGSH addition either reduced or had no effect on GST activities toward other substrates. In the absence of enzyme, the rates of hGSH conjugation with acifluorfen, chlorimuron-ethyl and fomesafen were negligible, suggesting that rapid hGSH conjugation in soybean must be catalysed by GSTs. GST activities were subsequently determined in 14-day-old plants of soybean and a number of annual grass and broadleaf weeds. GST activities of the plants were then related to observed sensitivities to post-emergence applications of the four herbicides. When enzyme activity was expressed on a mg^-1 protein basis, all grass weeds and Abutilon theophrasticontained considerably higher GST activity toward CDNB than soybean. With fomesafen as the substrate, GST activities were determined to be in the order soybean≫Echinochloa crus-galli>Digitaria sanguinalis>Sorghum halepense=Setaria faberi with none of the broadleaf weeds showing any activity. This order related well to the observed selectivity of fomesafen, with the exception of A. theophrasti, which was partially tolerant to the herbicide. Using metolachlor as the substrate the order of the GST activities was soybean>A. theophrasti≫S. halepense>Amaranthus retroflexus>Ipomoea hederacea, with the remaining species showing no activity. GST activities toward metolachlor correlated well with the selectivity of the herbicide toward the broadleaf weeds but not toward the grass weeds. Acifluorfen and chlorimuron-ethyl were selectively active on these species, but GST activities toward these herbicides could not be detected in crude extracts from whole plants. © 1997 SCI     

杂草对9类常用不同作用机制除草剂的非靶标抗性机制研究进展

除草剂的应用为农业生产带来便利, 但长期、单一使用某一种或相同机制的除草剂也引发了杂草对除草剂的抗性问题。抗性杂草种类逐渐增加, 抗性形成机制复杂, 导致农田杂草的治理难度增加。杂草对除草剂的抗性机制主要分为两种, 一种是除草剂靶标位点基因的突变或过量表达导致的靶标抗性, 另一种是杂草对除草剂吸收、转运、固存和代谢等一个或多个生理过程发生变化导致的非靶标抗性。本文综述了杂草对9类不同作用方式除草剂的非靶标抗性机制的生理、生化和分子基础的研究进展, 以期为抗性杂草综合治理提供参考。     

准噶尔盆地南部城乡菊科杂草种类与多样性特点

通过近三年的野外实地调查和历年的标本资料,文中对新疆准噶尔盆地南部城乡菊科杂草进行了系统的研究.结果 显示:1)准噶尔盆地南部城乡菊科杂草共有8族43属107种,其中鳢肠、牛膝菊是文中新发现的外来入侵新疆新记录种.2)本区菊科杂草单种属和寡种属共38属71种占主导地位,含4～9种的优势属有蒲公英属、蒿属等11属.3)该...     

黄芩田茎叶处理除草剂筛选试验研究

[研究背景] 黄芩是我国重要中药材,人工种植模式下杂草防除困难,且目前没有登记的专用除草剂。[目的]筛选出适用于黄芩田防除一年生杂草的除草剂品种或组合。[方法]通过调查黄芩田杂草种类、数量,并针对主要杂草,从13种有代表性的茎叶处理除草剂中筛选出对黄芩安全性好的品种进行防效试验,确定除草效果及用量。[结果]60g/L烟嘧磺隆OD 750ml/hm₂^、12%砜嘧磺隆OD 120ml/hm₂^、187.5ml/hm₂^以及10.8%精喹禾灵EW 450ml/hm₂^、675ml/hm₂^、1350ml/hm₂^、108g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 375ml/hm₂^、450ml/hm₂^、900ml/hm₂^{等处理对黄芩安全},鲜重抑制率-1.35%--17.96%;480g/L灭草松AS等其它药剂、处理的黄芩植株全部或多数枯死、植株弱小发黄,对黄芩不安全。12%砜嘧磺隆OD 120ml/hm₂^、187.5ml/hm₂^、240ml/hm₂^、375ml/hm₂^处理药后30天对黄芩田一年生阔叶杂草的总体株防效为84.08%-90.55%,鲜重防效为89.30%-95.38%;对一年生禾本科杂草的总体株防效为54.90%-73.20%,鲜重防效为60.16%-78.52%。10.8%精喹禾灵EW 450ml/hm₂^、675ml/hm₂^{处理对黄芩田一年生禾本科杂草的株防效为}90.20%-95.42%,鲜重防效为93.19%-97.00。108g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 375ml/hm₂^、450ml/hm₂^{处理对黄芩田一年生禾本科杂草的株防效为}95.42%-99.35%,鲜重防效为97.23%-99.54%。[结论]可以使用12%砜嘧磺隆OD 120-187.5ml/hm₂^{防除黄芩田以反枝苋、马齿苋、牛筋草等为主的一年生杂草},对黄芩安全。禾本科杂草群体较大时,加入10.8%精喹禾灵EW 450-675ml/hm₂^或108g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 375-450ml/hm₂^,以增加对禾本科杂草的防效。