山东省粮食作物的化肥施用状况分析

在农户抽样调查数据的基础上，分析了山东省粮食作物上施用化肥的状况。通过对山东省不同地区2003年施肥状况调查并结合统计资料分析表明，粮食作物上施肥占化肥总投入的比例逐年在下降，但单位面积化肥投入量却稳步提高。在氮肥的品种构成中，低浓度的碳酸氢铵提供了46．8％的施氮量，仍占有重要地位。山东省粮食作物单位面积化肥平均用量为251．1kg／hm^2，其中小麦平均施肥量最高，达到277．6kg／hm^2；另外就施氮量来说，玉米施氮量最高，平均用量为175．2kg／hm^2；小麦施磷量最高，平均用量为97．6kg／hm^2；薯类施钾量最高，平均用量为55．7kg／hm^2。从施肥的氮磷比例来看，小麦上施用化肥的氮磷比例为1：0．7，高于推荐施肥比例，玉米上施用化肥的氮磷比例为1：0．25，低于推荐施肥比例。     

南亚热带三种典型植被土壤动物对模拟N沉降增加的早期响应

A field-scale experiment arranged in a complete randomized block design with three N addition treatments including a control （no addition of N）, a low N （5 g m^-2 year^-1）, and a medium N （10 g m^-2 year^-1） was performed in each of the three typical forests, a pine （Pinus massoniana Lamb.） forest （PF）, a pine-broadleaf mixed forest （MF） and a mature monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest （MEBF）, of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in subtropical China to study the response of soil fauna community to additions of N. Higher NH4^＋ and NO3^- concentrations and a lower soil pH occurred in the medium N treatment of MEBF, whereas the NO3^- concentration was the lowest in PF after the additions of N. The response of the density, group abundance and diversity index of soil fauna to addition of N varied with the forest type, and all these variables decreased with increasing N under MEBF but the trend was opposite under PF. The N treatments had no significant effects on these variables under MF. Compared with the control plots, the medium N treatment had significant negative effect on soil fauna under MEBF. The group abundance of soil fauna increased significantly with additions of higher N rates under PF. These results suggested that the response of soil fauna to N deposition varied with the forest type and N deposition rate, and soil N status is one of the important factors affecting the response of soil fauna to N deposition.     

不同施肥措施对土壤硝态氮垂直分布的特征影响

通过田间试验研究了冬小麦收获后NO3--N在土壤剖面中的累积状况。研究结果表明:不论是单独施用无机、生物有机肥还是无机、有机肥混施都会造成硝酸盐在土壤中的积累,但有机肥本身产生的硝酸盐累积量极微。生物有机、元机肥混施后减少了无机肥料中硝态氮深层累积。在0-100cm土层中,硝态氮的累积量呈递减趋势,在0-40cm的累积量最高。砂质土壤比牯质土壤更有利于硝态氮的深层迁移。     

下辽河平原潮棕壤稻田的无机态氮淋溶

应用陶土渗滤管法．研究了不同施氮和渗漏条件下潮棕壤稻田的氮淋溶损失。结果表明：稻季各次施用氮肥后，60cm和90cm深处渗漏液中NH4^＋-N含量都小于2mg／L。并且各施氮肥处理和对照间差别不显著；但硝酸盐淋溶比较显著，多集中在3～15mg／L之间。硝酸盐淋溶随施氮量增加而增加，90cm深度渗漏液中这一趋势更为明显。水分渗漏状况影响硝酸盐在不同土层深度的累积：渗水越快。硝酸盐淋溶深度越大。渗水较快或者施氮量高时，硝酸盐的淋溶浓度高于国际饮用水卫生标准10mg／L。施用基肥后灌水．NH4^＋ -N、NO3^- -N立即出现高峰．而施用分蘖肥和穗肥后，高峰出现在施肥后10d或更久；另处基肥时期淋溶氮的浓度也比较高。     

缓/控释氮素肥料玉米苗期养分释放特点

采用盆栽试验．模拟田间生态环境．研究施用不同种缓／控释氮素肥料玉米苗期土壤尿素态氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效态氮含量，分析比较其在玉米苗期氮素养分释放特点。研究表明，在玉米苗期，施用醋酸酯淀粉包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料。土壤中尿素态氮和铵态氮的积累量最多．分别为21．72mg／kg和48．31mg／kg；醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素肥料，硝态氮和速效氮含量最多．分别为102．90mg／kg和135．25mg／kg；丙烯酸树脂包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料，尿素自膜内迁移到土壤中的量较少，硝态氮和速效态氮含量最少。分别为53．74mg／kg和93．70mg／kg。包膜与脲酶抑制剂nBPT相结合的缓／控释肥料，对减少土壤石硝态氮的生成效果最为明显．明显优于其他缓／控释肥料．丙烯酸树脂包膜nBPT涂层尿素肥料控释效果最好。     

氮输入对森林土壤有机碳截存与损耗过程的影响

大气氮沉降对受氮限制的陆地生态系统碳截存/损耗的机理尚不清楚,尤其是对土壤有机碳(SOC)的输入、转化和输出过程的认识明显不足。本文论述了外源性氮素(氮沉降、人为增氮)对凋落物分解、土壤有机碳各组分周转的影响,以及土壤呼吸各组分(根系自养呼吸、根际微生物呼吸和SOM分解)对增氮的响应等领域的最新研究进展,指出了在上述研究领域中存在的问题,并提出拟解决的途径以及未来的可能研究方向,以期为该领域的研究提供参考。     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂在土壤N转化过程中的作用

综述了脲酶抑制剂/硝化抑制剂对土壤氮的转化过程:尿素水解过程、硝化过程、硝酸盐淋溶过程、反硝化过程、微生物固持过程、N矿化过程及气体挥发过程的影响和抑制剂的作用机理,并提出今后研究的发展方向,为今后如何施用抑制剂来提高土壤中氮素利用率和减少环境污染提供一定的参考价值。     

长期种植苜蓿对土壤氮素营养的作用

13年长期施肥和轮作试验结果表明，连续种植苜蓿对N肥、P肥、有机肥的配合施用（NPM）较单施P肥对提高土壤硝态氮（NO3^-N)含量水平有较好效果；而无论施肥与否，种植苜蓿对土壤深层NO3^-均造成不同程度的亏缺。苜蓿（NPM）连作较小麦（NPM）连作土壤NO3^--N利用率高；种植苜蓿对土壤铵态氮（NH4^ -N)分布影响与NO3^--N不同，深层土壤CK、NPM配施处理CK、NPM配施处理NH4^ -N含理明显高于施P和裸地处理，不同作物种植系统中以苜蓿连作土壤剖面中NH4^ -N含量最高。与其他轮作相比，苜蓿连作在提高土壤剖面供N能力方面有较好作用。     

Relationships between sulfur concentration in mulberry Leaves and the quality of silkworm cocoon

A 40-day gnotobiotic microcosm experiment was carried out to quantify the effect of bacterial-feeding nematode on plat growth and nutrient absorption.The results showed that inoculation of bacterial-feeding nematode Protorhabditis sp.stimulated the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and the uptake of N.By the end of the 40-day incubation wheat biomass and N uptake in the treatment with nematode and bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.)increased by 6.5% and 5.9%,respectively,compared with bacteria alone treatment.The presence of nematode mainly accelerated the growth of aboveground of wheat,while it slightly inhibited the root development.There was little difference in plant tissue N concentration between treatments.P concentration and uptake of wheat,however,were generally reduced by nematode, It appears that the enhancement of plant growth and nitrogen uptake is attributed to the enhancement of nitrogen mineraliztion induced by nematode feeding on bacteria,and the reduction of phosphorous uptake is the result of ewak root status and comptetition by bacteria immobilzation.     

土壤中硝态氮含量的影响因素研究

采用田间试验及人工渗滤池试验方法，研究了土壤中硝态氮含量的影响因素。结果表明，影响大田土壤中硝态氮因素很多，程度不一，其中土壤类型决定着硝态氮基础含量，是内因，而施肥及施氮量是影响硝态氮含量最大的外界因素，其次是土壤湿度和氮肥品种，土壤温度对其影响不明显。