Turf Response to Superferrite Fertilizer in Contrasting Soil Types

Abstract

Superferrite is marketed as a turf fertilizer in the United States, but there is limited information on its effectiveness or potential risks due to high zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) contents. A greenhouse study was conducted where hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue, growing in a calcareous clay or acid sandy soil, and creeping bentgrass, growing in a putting green root zone mix, were fertilized with 0, 50, 100, and 150% the recommended rate of Superferrite fertilizer (73.4 g m^?2). Bermudagrass and tall fescue clipping weights increased with Superferrite rate but root mass was not affected. Tissue iron (Fe) concentrations were mostly unaffected by Superferrite, but total Fe uptake, tissue Zn, and total Zn uptake increased with Superferrite rate. Increased yields were probably due to increasing nitrogen (N) applications rather than Fe or Zn. Small increases in Pb uptake with Superferrite applications suggest that Superferrite Pb had low bioavailability to turf.     

NYH-1型~(14)C核素高灵敏探测装置

本文描述了可测量低活度1 4 C核素的高灵敏探测装置。在FH 36 7探头的基础上进行了改装 ,更换了闪烁介质 ,增加了物质屏蔽和反符合屏蔽以及相应的电子线路。本装置对1 4 C的探测效率 ,植物干样为 6 93% ,土壤样为 3 2 % ,装置的本底计数为 2 35cpm     

Progress and Yield Bottleneck of Aerobic Rice in the North China Plain: A Case Study of Varieties Handao 297 and Handao 502

Aerobic rice has been considered a promising rice cultivation system as water scarcity is increasing in the world. This article summarizes the advances in aerobic rice management researches in the North China Plain, focusing on yield formation and its bottleneck. High-yielding and good-quality aerobic rice varieties adapted to aerobic soil conditions have been released officially and adopted by farmers in North China. The varieties Handao 502 and Handao 297 have been recognized as the most promising varieties reaching a yield level ranging 3.5-5.0 t ha-1 with 450-650 mm water input. Compared with lowland rice, water input in aerobic rice was more than 50% lower, and water productivity was 60% higher. Researches on responses of rice cultivars to nitrate nitrogen （N） and ammonium N supplied at early growth stages provided the first evidence for a preference of aerobic rice HD297 for nitrate N supply, compared with the lowland rice variety. Zinc uptake studies demonstrated that introduction of aerobic rice system on calcareous soils may increase zinc deficiency problems. Sink size was identified as the limitation of aerobic rice yield, because its spikelet number m-2 was too low （20000-24 000） compared with the lowland rice. For future research, more attention is suggested to be paid to yield formation focusing on effects of water regimes on tiller dynamics. Understanding of nutrient uptake and response to fertilization effects are also urgently required to establish optimized crop management technology. Additionally, alternative cropping systems based on aerobic rice should be established, and key sustainability and environmental impact issues in the systems need to be identified.     

纳米ZnO/PEG/PET复合材料的原位聚合制备及其性能

通过原位聚合制备了纳米氧化锌颗粒增强不同添加量和分子量的聚乙二醇（PEG）与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）共聚物的复合材料。研究了纳米粒子在基体里的分散，以及纳米粒子和PEG对复合材料结晶行为的影响。结果显示，纳米粒子在基体中以纳米尺度分散起晶核作用。PEG的加入使得纳米粒子分散更加均匀，PEG分子链段改善了PET分子链的柔性，由此导致复合材料的冷结晶温度降低，结晶速率提高。研究发现，当添加10％分子量为4000的PEG时，复合材料的结晶速率快速提高。复合材料的力学性能结果说明，纳米粒子对PET基体有增强增韧作用，但PEG会弱化该作用。     

分光光度法测定添加剂预混料中的锌

锌是动物体所必需的微量元素，是动物体内许多酶、蛋白质、核酸的组分，已知有200多种含锌的金属酶，有300多种酶的活性与锌有关。目前，添加剂中的锌是按国标GB／T13885－92来测定的。但是对大多数企业，采用国标规定的原子吸收法，所用仪器设备昂贵，大多数企业难以承担。基于此，本课题利用pH5.2-6.0时溶液中锌离子与二甲酚橙（XO）生成红色络合物，用72型分光光度计来比较定量。     

Prospects of breeding biofortified pearl millet with high grain iron and zinc content

Development of crop cultivars with elevated levels of micronutrients is being increasingly recognized as one of the approaches to provide sustainable solutions to various health problems associated with micronutrient malnutrition, especially in developing countries. To assess the prospects of this approach in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), a diverse range of genetic materials, consisting of 40 hybrid parents, 30 each of population progenies and improved populations, and 20 germplasm accessions, was analysed for grain iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content, deficiencies of which adversely affect human health. Based on the mean performance in two seasons at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India, large variability among the entries was found, both for Fe (30.1–75.7 mg/kg on dry weight basis) and Zn (24.5–64.8 mg/kg). The highest levels of grain Fe and Zn were observed in well‐adapted commercial varieties and their progenies, and in the parental lines of hybrids, which were either entirely based on iniari germplasm, or had large components of it in their parentage. There were indications of large within‐population genetic variability for both Fe and Zn. The correlation between Fe and Zn content was positive and highly significant (r = 0.84; P < 0.01). These results indicate that there are good prospects of simultaneous selection for both micronutrients, and that selection within populations, especially those with the predominantly iniari germplasm, is likely to provide good opportunities for developing pearl millet varieties and hybrid parents with significantly improved grain Fe and Zn content in pearl millet.     

Formation of Zinc Oxide in the Course of Directed Nitriding With Aluminum Zinc Alloy

ZnO is formed in the course of directed nitriding with Al-Zn alloy, and that the effect of zinc and magnesium on the directed nitriding process is big different. The long fibers which diameter are far less than one micrometer, short bar-like and tetrapod-like zinc oxide is obtained. The three important stages of initial growth kinetic of ZnO approving ZnO have growth mechanism of VS, they are stage of accelerating, linear and parabola, are discovered. Experimental results show that the volatilization of zinc play a very important role in the growth of ZnO,the growth of ZnO is controlled by the diffusion of zinc in the Al-Zn alloy , and the morphologies of ZnO is depend on the saturation level of the vapour.     

土壤中施加锌对豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)中锌浓度以及其种子产量的影响

A 2-year field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of applied zinc（Zn） on the seed yield of pea（Pisum sativum L.） and to determine the internal Zn requirement of pea with emphasis on the seed and leaves as index tissues.The experiment was carried out at two different locations（Talagang,Chakwal district and National Agricultural Research Centre（NARC）,Islamabad） in the Potohar Plateau,Pakistan by growing three pea cultivars（Green feast,Climax,and Meteor）.The soils were fertilized with 0,2,4,8,and 16 kg Zn ha^-1 along with recommended basal fertilization of nitrogen（N）,phosphorus（P）,potassium（K）,and boron（B）.Zinc application increased seed yield significantly for all the three cultivars.Maximum increase in the pea seed yield（2-year mean） was21%and 15%for Green feast,28%and 21%for Climax,and 34%and 26%for Meteor at Talagang and NARC,respectively.In all cultivars,Zn concentrations in leaves and seed increased to varying extents as a result of Zn application.Fertiliser Zn requirement for near-maximum seed yield varied from 3.2 to 5.3 kg ha^-1 for different cultivars.Zinc concentrations of leaves and seeds appeared to be a good indicator of soil Zn availability.The critical Zn concentration range sufficient for 95%maximum yield（internal Zn requirement）was 42-53 mg kg^-1 in the pea leaves and 45-60 mg kg^-1 in the seeds of the three pea cultivars studied.     

Varietal tolerance to Zinc deficiency in wheat and barley grown in chelatorbuffered nutrient solution and its effect on uptake of Cu,Fe, and Mn

Tolerance to zinc (Zn) deficiency was examined for three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties grown in chelator‐buffered nutrient solution. Four indices were chosen to characterize tolerance to Zn deficiency: (1) relative shoot weight at low compared to high Zn supply (“Zn efficiency index”), (2) relative shoot to root ratio at low compared to high Zn supply, (3) total shoot uptake of Zn under deficient conditions, and (4) shoot dry weight under deficient conditions. Barley and wheat exhibited different tolerance to Zn deficiency, with barley being consistently more tolerant than wheat as assessed by all four indices. The tolerance to Zn deficiency in the barley varieties was in the order Thule=Tyra>Kinnan, and that of wheat in the order Bastian=Avle>Vinjett. The less tolerant varieties of both species accumulated more P in the shoots than the more tolerant varieties. For all varieties, the concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, and P in shoot tissue were negatively correlated with Zn supply. This antagonism was more pronounced for Mn and P than for Cu and Fe. Accumulation of Cu in barley roots was extremely high under Zn‐deficient conditions, an effect not so clearly indicated in wheat.     

水分淋洗下菜园土壤各形态锌的迁移转化特征

采用室内模拟降雨淋溶土柱的方法，研究了经过1年降雨的淋溶后，菜园土壤垂直方向上各形态锌的迁移转化规律。结果表明：锌的大多数形态很难随水分运动发生迁移，～年的降雨至多能使占总量0．57％的水溶态锌发生淋溶损失。水分淋洗和施磷锌平均能使分别占总量3％和4％的难溶态RES—Zn和OX-Zn向易被植物利用的EX—Zn、CABS—Zn和OM—Zn形态转化。随施锌量的增加，土壤锌的有效性指数增加30％～78％．有效锌总量增加3．12～10．07mg／kg。当施磷50mg／kg时，土壤Zn的有效性指数增加3％～28％，有效锌总量增加0．04～0．28mg／kg，磷锌在土壤中表现为协同作用。