饲粮添加氨基酸锌对育肥羊屠宰性能、肉品质及血液和组织中微量元素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究氨基酸锌对育肥羊屠宰性能、肉品质及血液和组织中微量元素含量的影响。选择4月龄、体重为(29.00±0.61)kg的健康滩湖杂F1代公羊48只,随机分为4组,每组12只。对照组饲粮锌含量为52.80 mg/kg(硫酸锌),其中不含硫酸锌的锌含量为18.02 mg/kg,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组试验饲粮锌含量分别为对照组饲粮的1/2、1和2倍(氨基酸锌),预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:饲粮添加氨基酸锌显著提高了育肥羊平均日增重(P<0.05),以试验Ⅱ组平均日增重最高,达到283.59 g/d。饲粮添加氨基酸锌对育肥羊屠宰性能、肉质理化性状无显著影响(P>0.05),但随着饲粮氨基酸锌添加量增加,试验组肉骨比、背膘厚、眼肌面积先升高后降低,GR值、肌内脂肪含量升高,剪切力降低;试验组血液锌含量均高于对照组,在同等锌添加量条件下,试验Ⅱ组血清锌含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);各组间背最长肌、肾脏、心脏、肝脏及肺脏组织的锌含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但氨基酸锌添加量过高会影响肌肉、肾脏、心脏、肺脏中铁沉积及肝脏中铜沉积。综上所述,饲粮添加氨基酸锌可促进育肥羊生长,改善肉品质;在锌含量为18.02 mg/kg的基础饲粮中添加52.80 mg/kg锌(氨基酸锌)效果最佳。     

甘氨酸锌在动物生产中的应用研究

锌是动物体内的必需微量元素之一,在动物生长发育和健康方面起着关键作用。甘氨酸锌作为有机微量元素具有生物利用率高、减排环保等优势。综述了甘氨酸锌对动物的生长性能、繁殖性能、免疫能力及肠道健康的影响,探讨了动物对甘氨酸锌的需要量,旨在为动物生产中科学利用甘氨酸锌改善动物健康,促进动物生长提供理论依据。     

Nanosize of zinc oxide and the effects on zinc digestibility,growth performances,immune response and serum parameters of weanling piglets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of nanosize zinc on zinc digestibility, growth performances, immune response and serum parameters of weanling piglets. Ninety‐six LYD weanling piglets were assigned to control, zinc oxide (ZnO), organic‐Zn (Zn‐methionine) and nanosize ZnO (nano‐Zn) groups with four replicates. The zinc was at the 120 mg/kg level in the treatment group's diet, while the control group's was 80 mg/kg Zn. The experiment results indicated that the nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn groups had significantly higher Zn digestibility compared to the ZnO and control groups. For the immune response traits, the IgG level and goat red blood cells (GRBC) antibody titer were nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn>ZnO>control; in the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) challenge test result, nano‐Zn>organic‐Zn>ZnO>control; in regard to the γ‐globulin level, nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn>ZnO and control, with significant difference between groups. In the serum parameters aspect, serum Zn concentration in nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn groups were higher than in the ZnO and control groups, serum growth hormone concentration was increased in the nano‐Zn group than in the other groups. In conclusion, nanosize zinc oxide for dietary supplementation can increase zinc digestibility, serum growth hormone levels and carbonic anhydrase activity and enhance the immune response of weanling piglets.     

Variability in concentrations of zinc in serum and feed when using zinc oxide as a supplement for the prevention of facial eczema

AIMS: To determine the variability of concentrations of Zn in feed, when used as a supplement to prevent facial eczema, and to determine the variability in concentrations of Zn in serum between cows and herds that are being supplemented with ZnO in feed, using in-shed feeders or on a feed pad.

METHODS: Sixteen commercial dairy farms in the Waikato region of New Zealand were enrolled, that were supplementing cows with ZnO in the feed using either an automatic in-shed feeder (ASF) or a feed pad (FP) using a feed-out or mixer wagon. On each farm 10 cows were selected by the farmer, that were assumed to be representative of the age and liveweight of the herd. Four hours after supplement feeding, each cow was weighed and a blood sample collected for measurement of concentrations of Zn in serum. Three samples of feed were collected from each farm for Zn analysis, from the beginning, middle and end of the feed being distributed. Levene’s test for homoscedasticity was used to analyse whether there were differences in variation of individual concentrations of Zn in serum, and in the feed, between the two feeding systems. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations between age, feeding method or liveweight and concentrations of Zn in serum, after accounting for the variability between farms.

RESULTS: Of the 163 cows sampled, concentrations of Zn in serum were between 20–35?µmol/L in 75/163 (46 (95% CI=38–54)%) cows; were <20?µmol/L in 71/163 (44 (95% CI=36–52)%) cows, and >35?µmol/L in 17/163 (10 (95% CI=6–16)%) cows. The variation in concentrations of Zn in serum in individual cows differed between farms (p<0.001), and the variability was greater for cows fed using a FP than ASF (p<0.001). There was no difference in the variation of concentrations of Zn in feed between the two feeding methods (p=0.54), but concentrations of Zn in serum were associated with the amount of Zn offered in feed (p=0.008).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICIAL RELEVENCE: There was significant variability between farms in the concentrations of Zn in the serum of cows being supplemented with ZnO in feed. Only 46% of cows sampled had concentrations of Zn between 20–35?µmol/L. Effective management of facial eczema should include monitoring Zn in the feed and in serum to ensure cows are receiving the correct dose they require.     

Effects of different dl‐selenomethionine and sodium selenite levels on growth performance,immune functions and serum thyroid hormones concentrations in broilers

This trial was conducted in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of different dl ‐selenomethionine (dl ‐Se‐Met) and sodium selenite (SS) levels on growth performance, immune functions and serum thyroid hormones concentrations in broilers. A total of 840 Ross 308 broilers (7 days old) were allocated by body weight to seven treatments (three replicates of 40 birds each treatment) including (1) basal diet (containing 0.04 mg of selenium (Se)/kg; control) without supplementary Se; (2, 3 and 4) basal diet + 0.05, 0.15 or 0.25 mg/kg Se as SS; (5, 6 and 7) basal diet + 0.05, 0.15 or 0.25 mg/kg Se as dl ‐Se‐Met. The experiment lasted 42 days. The results revealed that dietary Se supplementation improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain, feed efficiency, immune organ index, serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and triiodothyronine (T₃) concentrations and decreased (p < 0.01) thyroxine (T₄)/T₃ ratio in serum compared with the control. Broilers receiving the dl ‐Se‐Met‐supplemented diets had higher (p < 0.05) feed efficiency, thymus index, the amounts of IgA, IgG, IgM and T₃ as well as lower (p < 0.05) serum T₄ concentrations and T₄/T₃ ratio than those consuming the SS‐supplemented diets. Serum IgA and IgM levels of broilers fed 0.15 mg Se/kg were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of broilers fed 0.05 or 0.25 mg Se/kg. In summary, we concluded that dl ‐Se‐Met is more effective than SS in increasing immunity and promoting conversion of T₄ to T₃, thus providing an effective way to improve the growth performance of broilers. Besides, based on a consideration of all experiment indices, 0.15 mg Se/kg was suggested to be the optimal level of Se supplementation under the conditions of this study.     

水分胁迫和复水对紫花苜蓿幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响

利用PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫(ψs=-0.2MPa,胁迫时间:48 h,复水48 h),研究了紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L)品种陇东苜蓿和阿尔冈金叶片叶绿素荧光特性和光合色素含量的变化,旨在探讨紫花苜蓿水分胁迫条件下的光合反应机制.结果表明:光化学淬灭系数(qP)和PSII线性电子传递的有效量子产额(YIELD)以及非光化学淬灭系数(qN)和表观光合电子传递效率(ETR)在胁迫前后随光合有效辐射(PAR)的变化规律分别可用公式:Y=aLn(X) b(Y:qP或YIELD,X:PAR,X≠0)和Y=aX2 bX c(Y:qN或ETR,X:PAR)来表示;在受到干旱胁迫后,PSII最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和光合色素含量均明显低于对照,在任意光强下的qP、YIELD和ETR值也极显著低于对照的相应值,qN值则极显著高于对照的相应值;同时,和对照相比,qN和ETR光响应曲线顶点所对应的光强值在受到胁迫后亦明显下降,表明光抑制初始点的降低和最大光保护能力的减弱,甚至光抑制的提前到来.干旱胁迫使得PSⅡ反应中心结构和功能遭到破坏而部分关闭,光合电子传递受阻,光能利用与光化学转化与能力下降,吸收的光能更多的以热能形式耗散.复水后,虽然有光保护机制的存在,但除陇东苜蓿光合色素含量及阿尔冈金类胡萝卜素外,各参数均未能恢复到对照水平,因此旱后复水不能完全解除干旱对PSII反应中心所带来的伤害.紫花苜蓿幼苗对干旱胁迫较为敏感.供试品种相比,陇东苜蓿耐旱性优于阿尔冈金.     

Comparative pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in healthy and Mannheimia haemolytica infected calves

The pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin were investigated in healthy (n=8) and Mannheimia haemolytica naturally infected (n=8) Simmental ruminant calves following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of 2 mg kg(-1) body weight. The concentration of marbofloxacin in plasma was measured using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Following i.v. administration of the drug, the elimination half-life (t(1/2 beta)) and mean residence time (MRT) were significantly longer in diseased calves (8.2h; 11.13 h) than in healthy ones (4.6 h; 6.1 h), respectively. The value of total body clearance (CL(B)) was larger in healthy calves (3 ml min(-1) kg(-1)) than in diseased ones (1.3 ml min(-1) kg(-1)). After single intramuscular (i.m.) administration of the drug, the elimination half-life, mean residence time (MRT) and maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) were higher in diseased calves (8.0, 12 h, 2.32 microg ml(-1)) than in healthy ones (4.7, 7.4 h, 1.4 microg ml(-1)), respectively. The plasma concentrations and AUC following administration of the drug by both routes were significantly higher in diseased calves than in healthy ones. Protein binding of Marbofloxacin was not significantly different in healthy and diseased calves. The mean value for MIC of marbofloxacin for M. haemolytica was 0.1+/-0.06 microg ml(-1). The C(max)/MIC and AUC(24)/MIC ratios were significantly higher in diseased calves (13.0-64.4 and 125-618 h) than in healthy calves (8-38.33 and 66.34-328 h). The obtained results for surrogate markers of antimicrobial activity (C(max)/MIC, AUC/MIC and T > or = MIC) indicate the excellent pharmacodynamic characteristics of the drug in diseased calves with M. haemolytica, which can be expected to optimize the clinical efficacy and minimize the development of resistance.     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区马铃薯生长动态及产量、品质的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下马铃薯生长动态及其产量、品质的变化特征,在典型半干旱区（甘肃定西）利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台,以马铃薯‘新大坪’为供试品种,设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)和590 μmol·mol^-1共2个CO₂浓度梯度,开展CO₂浓度增加模拟试验。结果表明：CO₂浓度增加至590 μmol·mol^-1时,马铃薯发育加快,生育期提前,全生育期天数缩短3 d;CO₂浓度升高对马铃薯株高、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和叶片水势有明显促进作用。随着生育进程的推移,马铃薯地上部干物质生产对CO₂浓度的响应值呈现先变大再变小的趋势。CO₂浓度增加促进了马铃薯块茎产量的提高,单株结薯数和单株薯块质量也有所增加。与对照相比,590 μmol·mol^-1CO₂处理马铃薯块茎水分、蛋白质、维生素C含量以及铁、锌、铜元素含量分别下降3.43%、11.78%、13.09%、25.58%、31.94%和9.76%,而粗淀粉、粗脂肪、粗纤维和还原糖含量分别增加10.56%、240.00%、14.28%、106.38%。