Are road verges corridors for weed invasion? Insights from the fine‐scale spatial genetic structure of Raphanus raphanistrum

Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae) is considered amongst the world's worst agricultural weeds. We address critical issues in its management by studying the pathway of colonisation at local scales. For this, we assessed the small‐scale spatial genetic structure of 231 samples collected from three different sites across the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, using 11 nuclear microsatellite markers. Although natural pollen and seed dispersal were expected to be restricted, we found no significant relationship between genetic and geographical distance within sites. Instead, our results suggest that R. raphanistrum had colonised new habitats via jump dispersal, rather than through natural diffusive dispersal at local scales. We did not find evidence for road verges as dispersal corridors, as evidenced by a lack of isolation‐by‐distance at local scales. Instead, the absence of spatial genetic structure suggests that R. raphanistrum had rapidly spread throughout its current range, possibly facilitated by human‐mediated actions. Management plans addressing containment or suppression of the weedy species R. raphanistrum (and possibly other weedy species) should take the high degree of connectivity between distant geographical localities into account.     

Modelling population dynamics of Sinapis arvensis in organically grown spring wheat production systems

Although we know that alterations in crop density, crop spatial pattern and inclusion of more selective weed control can improve weed suppression for organic growers, it is unknown whether these result in changes to the weed seedbank that increase cropping system profitability over time. Data collected from field trials conducted in 2009 and 2010 in Maine, USA, comparing regional grower practices (Standard) with management that aimed to (i) facilitate better physical weed control through the use of wide row spacing and inter‐row cultivation (Wide) or (ii) enhance crop–weed competition through increased seeding rate and narrow inter‐row spacing (Narrow HD), were used to construct a matrix population model with an economic sub‐model. Using field measurements of grain yield and weed survival and fecundity, we investigated the lasting implications of employing alternative organic spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) production practices on Sinapis arvensis population dynamics. In most scenarios, the model indicated that regional production practices were not sufficient to prevent an increase in the weed seedbank, even with excellent weed control. The two alternative methods, on the other hand, were able to limit weed population growth when initial densities were low or cultivation efficacy was >80%. Due to higher seed costs in the Narrow HD system, net returns were still lower after 10 years of simulation in this system compared with wide rows with cultivation, despite a lower weed seedbank.     

中国野生种葡萄及种间杂种VvmybA1基因型和表达分析

【目的】检测中国野生种葡萄以及山欧杂交品种VvmybA1基因型,并对不同材料VvmybA1基因序列进行比对分析,通过对山欧杂种VvmybA1的基因型和表达分析,揭示白色杂交品种‘熊岳白葡萄’果皮无花色苷合成的分子机理。【方法】设计特异性引物,在DNA水平上利用分子克隆手段和绝对荧光定量PCR方法,检测葡萄属的不同样品VvmybA1基因型。采用相对荧光定量PCR手段,对山欧杂交品种果实转色过程中VvmybA1和UFGT的表达量进行分析。【结果】①检测的中国野生种葡萄材料不存在VvmybA1a等位基因;②与欧亚种葡萄相比,中国野生葡萄VvmybA1基因在启动子、内含子以及第三个外显子区域存在不同程度碱基的缺失、插入和替换,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。而且许多野生种葡萄VvmybA1基因的内含子、外显子和启动子区域存在一些特有序列或突变,这些位点可筛选作为鉴别葡萄种和品种的分子标记;③在‘公酿1号’、‘北红’、‘熊岳白葡萄’等山欧杂交葡萄品种以及分类地位未定的‘宿晓红’葡萄中检测到VvmybA1a等位基因,并且‘熊岳白葡萄’为VvmybA1a纯合类型;④RT-PCR分析结果表明,在葡萄果皮转色过程中,‘公酿1号’葡萄果皮VvmybA1和UFGT的表达量增加,然而在‘熊岳白葡萄’果实成熟期未检测到VvmybA1和UFGT 的表达。【结论】证明VvmybA1a等位基因是欧亚种葡萄以及其杂交种独有的基因型,不存在于中国野生种葡萄中,推测‘宿晓红’葡萄具有欧亚种葡萄血缘;葡萄属不同种的VvmybA1基因序列比对分析揭示,山欧杂交品种‘熊岳白葡萄’果皮不能合成花色苷是由于VvmybA1a纯合,VvmybA1不表达。     

多功能水处理菌PseudomonasstutzeriCDNl的絮凝特性研究

[目的]研究多功能水处理菌PseudomonasstutzeriCDNI的絮凝特性。[方法]对实验室分离获得的一株具有好氧反硝化特性的菌株P．stutzeriCDNl进行了絮凝特性研究,从碳源、氮源、培养温度、通气量等方面进行了该菌最适产絮凝剂的培养条件优化,并分析其所产絮凝剂的成分。[结果]菌株PstutzeriCDNl的最佳产絮凝剂的培养条件：培养温度为37℃,转速为150r／min,初始pH为7．0,碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为酵母粉。通过冷冻干燥得到的絮凝剂粗产物的产率是6．05g/L,主要成分为多糖和核酸,其中多糖占55％。[结论]该菌株对研究废水生物处理具有很大意义。     

新疆野生山楂种子特征及萌发特性研究

采集阿尔泰山楂、准噶尔山楂、红果山楂成熟的种子分别采用湿种恒温、变温、外源激素浸泡处理、阴干后层积方法进行层积处理测其种子特征指标及层积后的发芽率,结果表明变温层积对两种山楂种子的萌发有较好的促进作用但不同种山楂种子所需的较适层积时间范围有差异阿尔泰山楂种子层积日90d左右发芽率可达39.5%,红果山楂种子层积150d左右发芽率可达27.1%;准噶尔山楂种子在所有层积处理中的萌发率都相对较低100mg／L的GA3处理层积180d后发芽率为10.2%,三种山楂种子均为自然休眠种子不同层积处理能够打破其休眠促进种子萌发其中变温层积处理效果较好,阿尔泰山楂具有较高的发芽率.     

中国野生毛葡萄白粉菌诱导响应VqAP基因的克隆及表达分析

【目的】克隆中国野生毛葡萄"商-24"天冬氨酸蛋白酶(AP)基因的cDNA序列,明确其在葡萄抗病防御机制中的作用。【方法】在前期获得的中国野生毛葡萄株系"商-24"AP基因(VqAP)EST序列的基础上,采用RT-PCR克隆AP基因的cDNA序列,对其序列及编码产物进行生物信息学分析,并通过实时定量PCR和半定量PCR,分析VqAP基因在白粉菌诱导不同时间(0,6,12,24,48,72,96和120h),不同激素(100μmol/L水杨酸,50μmol/L乙烯和0.5g/L茉莉酸甲酯)刺激及不同组织(嫩叶、嫩茎、花、果皮、卷须)中的表达情况。【结果】序列分析表明,VqAP基因序列长度为1 377bp,具有开放阅读框,编码458个氨基酸残基,相对分子质量为50.48ku,等电点为8.73。保守结构域分析表明,VqAP编码产物含有2个保守的具有催化活性的天冬氨酸残基,位于Asp-Thr/Ser-Gly(DT/SG)结构域,该基因编码的氨基酸序列属于植物天冬氨酸蛋白酶A1家族,为非典型的天冬氨酸蛋白酶。荧光定量PCR结果表明,接种白粉菌后6h,VqAP基因表达量为0h的6倍多,之后迅速下调;不同激素处理后,该基因也均诱导表达,这可能是由于VqAP基因参与了植物早期的抗病反应,以及由不同激素诱导的发病相关基因的调节作用。半定量PCR结果表明,在葡萄嫩叶、嫩茎、花、果皮、卷须等不同组织中VqAP基因的表达量不同,这可能与它参与了植物不同组织中功能蛋白的合成与降解有关。【结论】VqAP的表达响应病原菌侵染并受生物胁迫相关激素的调控,可能在葡萄防御病原菌侵染的机制中发挥重要作用。     

攀西地区野生果树资源调查

针对多年来在攀西地区野生果树资源实地调查的基础上,查阅了大量的相关资料,报道了四川攀西地区野生果树资源调查结果:有野生果树植物525种(含亚种和变种),其分属于49科,107属.分析了攀西地区野生果树资源所具有的种类繁多资源丰富、地理分布类型和果实类型的特点及开发利用现状.同时对合理开发利用该地区野生果树资源提出了建议,即进一步清查攀西野生果树资源、深入分析野果的营养成分或其它成分,进一步挖掘其它方面的利用价值、加强野生果树就地保护和异地保护工作、加强种质资源评价,开展野生果树引种驯化和良种选育、鲜果储藏、果品加工和综合利用研究.     

产香真菌ZY-2菌株鉴定及其挥发性物质抑菌活性测定与组分分析

[目的]鉴定产香真菌ZY-2,测定、分析其挥发性物质的抑菌活性及挥发性物质组分,筛选产有益挥发物质菌株.[方法]通过18S rDNA序列分析对产香真菌ZY-2进行分子生物学鉴定;以5种植物病原真菌为目标菌,测定ZY-2菌株挥发性物质的抑菌活性,并采用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对挥发性物质组分进行分析.[结果]产香真菌ZY-2在PDA培养基上不产孢,18S rDNA序列分析将该菌鉴定为蒙塔涅梨孢假壳（Apiospora montagnei Sacc.）;ZY-2挥发性物质对5种植物病原真菌均有一定的抑制作用,随着处理时间延长抑制率有一定变化;挥发性物质的主要成分为苯乙醇,其相对含量为98.982％.[结论]产香真菌ZY-2的苯乙醇相对含量高,有作为生物生产苯乙醇的开发潜力.     

野菜新品种桂特一号大叶菊花菜的种植表现及品质特性

【目的】明确桂特一号大叶菊花菜的替代优势,以更新品种,筛选出更适合广西南宁市及周边地区种植的食苗菊优良品种。【方法】以大叶菊花脑为对照品种,通过栽培试验,对桂特一号大叶菊花菜和大叶菊花脑的形态指标、产量性状等进行比较。【结果】桂特一号大叶菊花菜的单枝商品嫩茎重平均为4．48g,比对照重1．20g,达极显著水平;其年产量为64245．5kg／ha,比对照增产89．3％,达极显著水平;桂特一号大叶菊花菜的蛋白质、维生素、黄酮类物质含量均高于对照,而纤维素含量比对照低231％。【结论】桂特一号大叶菊花菜具有采收时间长、产量高、品质好等特点,是值得推广种植的保健蔬菜新品种。