An isolate of Wheat streak mosaic virus from foxtail overcomes Wsm2 resistance in wheat

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is an economically important pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum) causing major yield losses in regions where severe infection occurs. To detect the presence of any new virus or new WSMV isolates, green foxtail (Setaria viridis) plants exhibiting virus-like symptoms were sampled in a summer-fallowed wheat field at the Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, Hays, Kansas. These plants were tested serologically for four wheat viruses: WSMV, Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) and Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV). Among 38 plant samples exhibiting virus-like symptoms, 29 contained WSMV as indicated by ELISA. Four isolates from samples with relatively strong reactions were transferred to healthy wheat seedlings by mechanical inoculation in a growth chamber for pathogenicity testing. Three isolates were avirulent to a wheat variety RonL, which contains Wsm2, a gene providing temperature-sensitive resistance to currently prevalent isolates of WSMV. However, one isolate, KSH294, was able to infect RonL and showed more virulence on two other varieties/lines containing Wsm2. Further sequence and phylogenetic analysis of KSH294 confirmed that this isolate displays a sequence homology with WSMV, but has sequence differences making it distinct from previously identified WSMV isolates included in the phylogenetic analysis.     

填闲作物腐解过程及其对后茬冬小麦产量的影响

研究了渭北旱塬地区不同填闲作物（长武怀豆（S）、黑麦草（R）及两者1∶1混合（M））翻压和氮肥水平（0、60、120 kg N·hm^-2）双因素处理下,填闲作物的腐解规律、碳氮释放动态及对后茬冬小麦产量的影响,并对腐解速率与Olsen模型进行了拟合。结果表明：各填闲作物翻压后腐解规律及碳氮释放特征均表现为“前期快-中期慢-后期加快”,填闲作物腐解规律符合Olsen模型,在第276天各处理累积腐解率均达70%以上。在第0~35天,同一施氮处理下,累积腐解率和腐解速率均表现为S>M>R（P<0.05）;第35天,S、M和R各处理干物质累积腐解率分别达到61.9%、55.5%和47.5%;在0~35 d,施氮对S、M的腐解影响不显著,对R影响显著,35 d后氮肥效应逐渐减弱;填闲作物的腐解同时伴随其碳、氮的快速释放,在第21天,S、M和R碳氮残留率分别达到40%、50%和60%左右。平均来看,S的碳氮释放速率显著高于R,与M无显著差异。与裸地对照相比,翻压填闲作物能够显著提高后茬冬小麦产量,其籽粒产量增加10%~35% （P<0.05）,其中翻压长武怀豆低氮处理和混合翻压低氮处理效果最佳。     

小麦芽制备过程中品种间极限糊精酶活力的变化

以26个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究了不同品种小麦芽制备过程中极限糊精酶活力的变化.结果表明,小麦芽极限糊精酶活力均随发芽天数的增加而增大至最大值,不同品种同一发芽阶段的小麦芽酶活力差别较大;品种间达到酶活最高值所需的发芽时间略有差异,且其最高值在品种间差异显著.     

信息熵综合评价方法在小麦品种区域试验中的应用

运用信息熵原理,建立了作物品种综合评价模型,提出了品种多目标综合评价方法,结合小麦品种区域试验,具体介绍了这种方法的应用.研究表明,信息熵综合评价方法对于客观综合评价品种,具有重要的参考价值.     

黄河流域短季棉新品种主要性状分析

对1999～2006年黄河流域麦套棉和夏播棉区域试验中参试品种的主要性状表现以及不同年度间参试品种主要性状的变化趋势进行了分析.结果表明:76%的麦套棉品种籽棉产量集中在3 126.6～3 753.8 kg/hm2,夏播棉品种籽棉产量在2 430.0～3 010.5 kg/hm2;60%麦套棉和全部短季棉品种的纤维比强度未达标;枯萎病和黄萎病指数偏高;衣分变幅较大,铃重、子指相对稳定.麦套棉产量和品质年度间变化不大,枯萎病指数有升高趋势;夏播棉产量略有增高,抗枯萎病性明显下降.     

中国海洋鱼类种类多样性的研究

中国海洋迄今已记录有３０４８种鱼类，分属２８８个科，约占全球海洋鱼类总数的２３％，是世界鱼类种类最丰富的国家之一。种类多样性程度由南向北逐渐递减，南海高达２０５０种，但单种资源量小，黄渤海只有３２７种，但一些单种资源量较多，中国海洋针种以暖水种居多样性的高达８７．８％，也有大量暖温种和少数冷温种，但无真正冰水各，中国海缺乏世界级的高产渔获种类。     

不同木豆品种的生物学和品质特性比较研究

以广西地方木豆品种为对照,与引进的其他7个木豆新品种进行田间比较试验,评价引进木豆品种的种性和生态适应性.结果表明:不同木豆品种的根、茎、叶、花、荚、籽粒、株型等形态特征,萌芽、生长、开花、生长期、抗病虫性等生长特性以及茎、叶、籽粒的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗淀粉含量都有显著差异.根据不同品种的表现:广西品种、非洲品种、缅甸品种、ICPL87119比较适应喀斯特石山区荒地、山地种植,可作为饲料、水土保持、生态保护、薪炭林等用途,ICPH8、IC-PL87091可作蔬菜和粮食用,其中ICPL87091是一个比较有希望的品种.     

国家甜菜区试品种在甘肃河西走廊丰产与稳定性及抗病性评价

用品种稳定性参数及高稳系数（HSC）,对2004～2005年参加国家甜菜区试中的5个品种在甘肃武威市黄羊镇和酒泉地区的试验结果进行了综合分析,结果表明：BTS356的丰产、稳产性好．两年平均根产量和产糖量分别较对照陇糖2号增产40．62％和39．94％,差异达极显著水平,含糖率18．73％;对黄化病、白粉病、立枯病的抗性优于对照,具有较高的应用价值,适宜在甘肃省河西走廊生态条件下推广种植。     

国家甘蔗品种第五轮区域试验广西隆安点表现

2006-2008年间。在广西隆安县对12个参试材料和2个对照品种进行了2年新植和1年宿根的区域试验,结果表明：MEX105新宿平均含糖量和甘蔗蔗糖分最高,比对照增产增糖明显。Q170平均蔗茎产量最高,新宿平均合糖量高于两对照．比对照增产增糖较大。CP88—1762、粤糖94—128、HOCP92-648、HOCP91—555的平均蔗茎产量和平均含糖量均高于两对照,表现较好,其它品种表现不突出。MEX105、HOCP91-555、闽糖96—1409、闽糖93—730、FR93—435、CP88-1762平均甘蔗蔗糖分高于两对照,其它品种的甘蔗蔗糖分表现不突出。     

Optimizing supplemental irrigation: Tradeoffs between profitability and sustainability

Water production functions are used to model yield response to various levels of supplemental irrigation (SI), to assess water productivity coefficients, and to identify optimum irrigation under various input-output price scenarios. The SI production function is taken as the difference between the total water production function (irrigation + rain) and that of rainwater. Theoretical analysis of the unconstrained objective function shows that the seasonal depth of SI to maximize profit occurs when the marginal product of water equals the ratio of unit water cost to unit product sale price. Applying this analysis to wheat in northern Syria, the production functions of SI under different rainfall conditions are developed. Coupled with current and projected water costs and wheat sale prices, the functions are used to develop an easy-to-use chart for determining seasonal irrigation rates to maximize profit under a range of seasonal rainfall amounts.Results show that, for a given seasonal rainfall, there is a critical value for the ratio of irrigation cost to production price beyond which SI becomes less profitable than rainfed production. Higher product prices and lower irrigation costs encourage the use of more water. Policies supporting high wheat prices and low irrigation costs encourage maximizing yields but with low water productivity. The resulting farmer practice threatens the sustainability of water resources. Balancing profitability versus sustainability is a challenge for policy makers. Our analysis can help national and local water authorities and policy makers determine appropriate policies for water valuation and allocation; and assist extension services and farmers in planning irrigation infrastructure and farm water management.