覆膜滴灌条件下棉花根层土壤盐分时间稳定性研究

为揭示膜下滴灌棉田主根区土壤盐分的时间变异特性,基于2013—2014年田间实测数据,采用变异系数、平均相对偏差和标准差等方法研究了不同土层土壤盐分的时间稳定性,并进一步确定了可以反映各土层土壤平均含盐量的代表性测点。结果表明,研究区域0~40 cm土层土壤盐分随时间序列的变异性只有少数几个测点属于强变异,其余均属于中等变异;在棉花主根层(40 cm)内,土壤盐分的时间稳定性随土层深度增加呈现先增强后略微减弱趋势,在30 cm土层深度稳定性最强,平均相对偏差浮动范围最小、且其平均标准差最小;反映各土层平均含盐量的代表测点分布较为集中,可选取代表地块对区域土壤含盐量进行估算(决定系数R2为0.791 2~0.917 1)。棉田主根层土壤盐分时间稳定性研究有利于指导田间灌溉;选取少量且具有代表性的测点可为区域合理布设土壤盐分监测点提供理论依据。     

多孔管沿程压力分析

针对目前多孔管沿程水头损失计算方法存在的问题,推导出了一个新的多孔管沿程水头损失近似计算公式。利用导出的公式,分析了多孔管沿程的压力变化,这无论是对喷、滴灌工程的规划设计,还是对多孔管水力特性的进一步研究都是有益的。     

南方机引水田耖的研制与应用

水田耖是南方水田耕作中一种精细平整水田田面的机具,耖田作业是水田插秧前的最后一道作业工序。耖田质量的好坏不仅影响水田的灌溉、排水,而且影响插秧的质量和秧苗的返青速度。为此,根据南方水田耖田作业的农艺要求,分析了机引水田耖在田间作业的受力状况及影响耖田作业的主要因素,提出水田耖的结构设计要求,开发了1PJ-1.5型水田耖,并在实际应用中进行验证。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区沙棘优良品种引种栽培试验研究

1994-2003年在黄土高原半干旱区的陕西吴旗县、安塞县进行中国沙棘优良类型和俄罗斯优良沙棘品种引种试验,采用家系选择法初步筛选出5个中国沙棘生态经济型优良单株,对3个俄罗斯良种沙棘的生长适应性经济性状进行了评价。前者生长迅速、树冠好、根系发达、郁闭快、水土保持效益好,果实较大、单株产量较高、Vc和含油量较高,适于在黄土丘陵区种植;后者经济性状较好,果实大、无刺或少刺,但适应性较中国沙棘差。     

甘蓝型油菜两种纯合中芥酸基因型的分离和鉴定

本研究从中国高芥酸甘蓝型油菜品种华油8号与加拿大无芥酸品种Altex杂交的后代中,分离和鉴定出了两种不同的纯合中芥酸基因型,它们在一个基因座位上具有纯合的有芥酸基因E.在另一座位上具有纯合的无芥酸基因c,其基因型组成可分别用E_AE_Ae_Ce_C和e_Ae_AE_CE_C表示。二者的芥酸含量均为27%左右,基本上等于双亲的平均值。这两种基因型的杂交后代和回交后代的分离结果表明,其遗传行为与无芥酸和高芥酸杂交后代的结果相同,这再次证实了芥酸的遗传假说,同时也证实了这两种基因型的遗传组成。文后讨论了这两种基因型的可能用途。     

小菊花色芽变品种的AFLP分析

采用AFLP(Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)技术对小菊花色芽变品种与原始品种的DNA进行差异性分析,旨在建立芽变品系形态学以外的分子水平鉴定技术。在引用13对引物中,每对引物平均扩增出13.5条多态性带,分子量在110～800bp之间。3对引物组合(第8对E-ACG/M-CAT、第10对E-AGG/M-CTC、第11对E-AGG/M-CTG)产生5条清晰特异性条带可以将二者区分,这些特异性片段可能包含引起花色芽变的基因序列,经计算,二者遗传相似系数为0.986,遗传物质多态性为2.81%。     

Effect of Aquasorb and Organic Compost Amendments on Soil Water Retention and Evaporation with Different Evaporation Potentials and Soil Textures

Abstract

Aquasorb PR3005A, a hydrophilic polymer (a salt copolymer polyacrylamide), and garden waste compost were added to a loamy sand and a loam soil in pots to assess their impact upon soil physical properties at two different evaporation potentials. Compost was mulched and incorporated, the Aquasorb was incorporated, and their effect on temperature and amelioration of soil water content and evaporation was investigated. Mulching with compost reduced evaporation and increased soil temperature. Maize (Zea mays var. single cross 704) was sown in the same pots later, and growth indicator factors (plant height, fresh and dry weight, root weight, and leaf area) were compared. It was concluded that compost mulch application is beneficial to soil water retention whereas compost incorporation did not show these benefits. Compost mulch advances seedling emergence and enhances early growth through hydrologic soil amelioration. High rates of Aquasorb were also beneficial in advancing the emergence and early growth of maize seeded in loamy sand. The hydration capacity of Aquasorb is reduced as the electrolyte concentration and electrical conductivity are increased. Increased electrolyte concentration in soil solution, through drying, may result in gel dehydration and water release at potentials greater than field capacity, which may be lost to drainage. Furthermore, it is concluded that pot experiments with amendments fail to simulate field conditions.     

Comparison of physiological and yield traits between purple- and white-pericarp rice using SLs

Five physiological and eleven yield traits of two pairs of sister lines generated from a high generation with similar genetic background (SLs) for purple pericarp were investigated to explore the reasons behind low-yield production of colored rice. Of the five physiological traits examined, except grain anthocyanin content, there were generally similar trends between the P (purple-pericarp) lines and the corresponding W (white-pericarp) lines over two seasons (in the year 2009 and 2010 separately). The results demonstrated that the chlorophyll content of flag leaves, the net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves, and the grain anthocyanin content could be easily influenced by the environment. The physiological functions of the traits for the P lines were more active than those of the corresponding W lines in the year 2010. The grain anthocyanin content of the P lines was much greater in the year 2010 than in the year 2009 during the growth period. The investigation of yield traits revealed that the P lines had reduced 1000-grain weight, yield per plot and grain/brown rice thickness compared to the W lines. A difference comparison of these traits and a source-sink and transportation relationship analysis for these SLs suggested that small sink size was a key reason behind yield reduction of purple pericarp rice.     

云南橡胶树气刺微割采胶新技术研究应用进

详细介绍了云南植胶区进行气刺微割采胶新技术试验的研究内容及应用实施情况，通过4 a的微割试验示范研究，比较系统的分析了云南微割采胶试验的产量效应、干含、割胶速度、耗皮量、死皮性状、净增长率等生产性数据。说明了微割采胶新技术具有操作简单、割胶速度快、产量好、节约原生树皮、死皮较轻等特点，并能显著降低割胶劳动强度，有效的提高割胶劳动生产率。全面的掌握了这一新技术的应用原理、实施技术、材料配用、操作规程、安全风险，积累了良好气刺微割推广应用基础。