用灰色局势决策法防除抛秧稻田杂草的研究

采用灰色局势决策方法 ,对江西省吉安市 2 0 0 1年早稻抛秧稻田化学除草的试验结果进行了分析 ,提出了施用抛秧宁 ( 2 5%苄·丁粉 )、抛栽田丰 ( 3 5%苄·丁可湿粉剂 )等 4种杂草优化管理方案 ,并在 2 0 0 1年二晚和 2 0 0 2年早稻抛秧稻田推广应用 ,取得了显著的经济效益。     

芽后型除草剂防除大花萱草田杂草试验

大花萱草(H em eroca llis hybrid a)移栽定植后,用不同浓度稀禾定、吡氟禾草灵进行了茎叶喷雾防除大花萱草田杂草试验,结果表明,稀禾定和吡氟禾草灵能有效防除禾本科杂草,对成株阔叶杂草防除效果很差;药后45 d,1 200~1 800 mL/hm212.5%稀禾定、1 050~1 575 mL/hm215%吡氟禾草灵对禾本科杂草的防除效果均较好,对大花萱草植株安全无害。     

智能田间除草机器人发展现状研究

智能田间除草机器人是当代农业发展现代化、精细化、智能化的重要体现,对国家社会发展、环境保护等方面有着重要意义。为明确智能除草机器人关键技术与装备当前研究现状,从除草方式、苗草识别定位和智能导航方式等方面,总结梳理典型除草机器人的研究现状及作业方式;综述智能导航、苗草识别、除草执行系统关键技术的重要意义及研究进展;结合除草机器人具有作业环境复杂多变性、作业对象娇嫩性、使用对象特殊性、作业季节性的研究特点,指出当前关键技术的现存问题并阐释组合导航技术、复杂田间环境图像处理技术及杂草分类、株间除草末端执行机构研发及机械结构优化是未来发展趋势。     

Determining treatment frequency for controlling weeds on traffic islands using chemical and non‐chemical weed control

Many public authorities rely on the use of non‐chemical weed control methods, due to stringent restrictions on herbicide use in urban areas. However, these methods usually require more repeated treatments than chemical weed management, resulting in increased costs of weed management. In order to investigate the efficacy of four non‐chemical weed control methods and glyphosate treatment, experiments were carried out on traffic islands in the growing seasons 2005 and 2006. Three trial sites were each divided into six treatment areas, which were either treated with glyphosate, flame, steam, hot air/flame, hot water or left untreated. The treatments were carried out at regular, predetermined intervals throughout the growing season in 2004, whereas in 2005 and 2006 how many treatments that were required to keep weed cover below a predetermined acceptance level of 2% were investigated. Percentage weed cover was measured every second week using a 75 cm × 75 cm quadrat divided into 100 squares. On the control areas, a rapid increase in weed cover was observed, whereas weed cover could be kept below 2% by 2–7 treatments per year, depending on control method. On average, the following numbers of treatments per year were required: glyphosate 2.5, hot water 3, flames 5, hot air/flames 5.5 and steam 5.5 treatments. The results demonstrate that the weed control should be adjusted to the prescribed quality for the traffic islands by regularly assessing the need for weed control. They also show that tailored treatments can reduce the number of required non‐chemical treatments per year.     

Long-Term Effects of Wheat Production Management Practices on Exchangeable Base Cations and Cation Exchange Capacity of a Plinthosol in Semi-arid South Africa

Changes in soil fertility indicators are mainly the result of management practices and usually influence crop yields over the long term. This study shows the effects of long-term wheat production management practices on exchangeable base cations and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Applied field treatments included two methods of straw management (unburned, burned), three methods of tillage (no tillage, stubble mulch, plowing), and two methods of weeding (chemical, mechanical). Samples were collected at six soil depths and analyzed for potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and CEC. Burned wheat straw resulted in greater K and lower Ca concentrations compared to unburned wheat straw. No-tillage treatment increased K, Ca, Mg, Na, and CEC compared to both stubble mulch and plowing. Chemical weeding improved Na and CEC compared to mechanical weeding. The treatment combinations had positive influences mainly on CEC. Unburned straw and moldboard plowing with respect to burned straw and no tillage enhanced grain yield with 8%.     

3WXG-300型喷杆式喷雾机玉米苗后化学除草试验

为引进优质、高效的喷杆式喷雾机,对3WXG-300型喷杆式喷雾机与农民自制喷杆式喷雾机在喷液量及玉米苗后化学除草效果方面进行对比试验。结果表明：3WXG-300型喷杆式喷雾机苗后化学除草比农民自制喷杆式喷雾机节水51.0%,作业效率提高18.7%,防效略好。并针对其在生产实践中存在的一些问题提出相应的改进建议,以便经过...     

Site-specific weed control technologies

Site-specific weed control technologies are defined as machinery or equipment embedded with technologies that detect weeds growing in a crop and, taking into account predefined factors such as economics, take action to maximise the chances of successfully controlling them. In this study, we describe the basic parts of site-specific weed control technologies, comprising weed sensing systems, weed management models and precision weed control implements. A review of state-of-the-art technologies shows that several weed sensing systems and precision implements have been developed over the last two decades, although barriers prevent their breakthrough. Most important among these is the lack of a truly robust weed recognition method, owing to mutual shading among plants and limitations in the capacity of highly accurate spraying and weeding apparatus. Another barrier is the lack of knowledge about the economic and environmental potential for increasing the resolution of weed control. The integration of site-specific information on weed distribution, weed species composition and density and the effect on crop yield, is decisive for successful site-specific weed management.     

基于后茬作物安全性的小麦除草专用肥研究

小麦除草专用肥是具有除草功能的药肥,经过几年的小麦除草专用肥营养配方和除草配方分步研究,优选出除草效果好、对后茬油菜安全的mz4-C6（基肥）和mz4-C1（追肥）两个小麦除草专用肥配方,其中mz4-C6（基肥）适合旱地施用,株防效达73.3%,鲜重防效达83.4%,小麦增产23.16%,后茬油菜增产4%;mz4-C1（追肥）适合水浇地施用,总株防效71.24%,小麦增产13.45%,后茬油菜增产27.25%。     

Farm‐scale evaluation of herbicide band application integrated with inter‐row mechanical weeding for maize production in four European regions

To promote integrated weed management (IWM) implementation in Europe, robust evidence on the sustainability of such tools and strategies is needed to motivate their adoption by stakeholders. This can only be achieved through assessing and validating them at real farm scale and using existing farm equipment, under diverse climatic and soil conditions representative of European agriculture. In 2013 and 2014, 12 on‐farm experiments (i.e. real field conditions on commercial farms, with natural weed flora) were conducted in four important European grain maize‐producing regions comparing the efficacy of herbicide band application integrated with inter‐row mechanical weeding as a potential IWM tool with the conventional broadcast herbicide application (CON) used by the farms. The IWM tools tested were as follows: (i) early post‐emergence herbicide band application combined with hoeing, followed by a second hoeing in southern Germany, (ii) early post‐emergence herbicide band application followed by hoeing in eastern Hungary and central Slovenia and (iii) pre‐emergence herbicide band application followed by hoeing in northern Italy. Herbicide band application integrated with hoeing provided good and partial weed control along and between maize rows respectively. No significant yield differences were detected between IWM and CON. IWM greatly reduced herbicide input and was economically sustainable over the duration of this study with no significant difference in gross margin compared with CON in all cases. This IWM tool could therefore be considered for implementation in European maize systems.     

稻田株间除草机构除草过程中伤秧影响的试验研究

稻田杂草是影响大米产量和质量的一个重要因素。鉴于化学除草的负面影响,机械除草技术一直是国内外科研攻关的重点,但如何降低除草过程中工作装置对秧苗的损伤和影响成为研究的难点。为此,对稻田机械式株间除草机构的主要因素的秧苗损伤情况进行了试验研究。试验在机插稻田进行,稻苗行间距28~31cm,株间距14~15cm。试验在秧苗移栽后7天左右进行,该时间为稻田第一个出草高峰期,试验采用二次旋转正交试验方法,应用Design-Expert进行试验分析,获得了株间除草主要工作因素机器前进速度、除草盘转速、除草深度之间单因子及交互作用对伤秧率的影响。移栽7天时,田间试验在保证除草率的前提下确定了低伤秧率株间除草机构的工作参数为机器前进速度为0.38m/s,除草盘转速162.75r/min,除草深度为43.9mm,此时除草率为80.5%、伤秧率为3.8%。