风沙黄土区排土场不同恢复类型植物群落与土壤种子库特征

风沙黄土区排土场作为一种人造生态系统,自然条件恶劣,土壤贫瘠,植被恢复困难。为了探明有效的人工促进植被恢复措施,采用植被调查与种子库萌发试验相结合的方法,通过研究不同植被类型地上植物群落与土壤种子库特征及二者的关系,探讨了其植被恢复效益及潜力。结果表明:研究区人工植被恢复下地上植物群落中共47种植物,分属16科40属,土壤种子库共14种植物,分属5科13属,其中均以禾本科、菊科、藜科、豆科占主导地位; 灌木植被的地上植被和土壤种子库的物种多样性均表现为最优; 地上植被与土壤种子库密度的变化范围为88.48～495.47株/m²,74.74～1422.91粒/m²,且均在草地类型下最大。土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性普遍较低,相似性系数仅为0.16～0.23。因此,风沙黄土区排土场的植被恢复与重建需要加强保护与管理,可以考虑构建以草灌配置为主的人工植被恢复模式,保障群落的恢复潜力,并提高群落多样性与稳定性,亦可考虑引入外源种子库提升群落恢复的潜力。     

不同植被对煤矿复垦区域土壤真菌多样性和酶活性的影响

为了评价不同植被对煤矿废弃地复垦区土壤生态修复的效果,本研究开展了桃树、杉树、李树等植被对复垦区土壤酶活性和真菌种群多样性的影响分析。结果表明：（1）不同植被下,脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和转化酶的活性差异显著。脲酶在对照中最高,桃树最低;酸性磷酸酶活性对照最高,杉树（0~20、40~60 cm）和桃树（20~40 cm）土壤中最低,且一般情况下酶活性随土层加深而降低,具有表聚性,但不同植被和不同土层的转化酶活性的变化表现不同;该区域土壤的pH随土层加深增高,最高为5.67,均呈酸性,除对照外,均表现出一定程度的差异性。（2）不同植被下,所有土壤样品的真菌种群优势门均为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、毛霉菌门（Mucoromycota）,季也蒙酵母属（Meyerozyma）和芽枝霉属（Cladosporium）为所有土壤样品都具有的优势属,而孢霉属（Mortierella）仅在柳树土壤中不是优势属,青霉菌属（Penicillium）、绿核菌属（Ustilaginoidea）是李树土壤中的优势属;盘菌属（Tricharina）是杉树土壤中的优势属;刺毛四枝孢（Tetracladium）是对照土壤中的优势属。通过综合非度量多维尺度分析（Non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS）表明,不同植被的土壤真菌群落组成差异较大,柳树0~20 cm、杉树20~40 cm、对照40~60 cm土壤中的真菌数量和多样性较丰富,其中桃树土壤中的真菌丰富度和多样性相对较低。本研究结果可以为其他煤矿复垦区域土壤生态修复研究提供借鉴。     

不同植物对煤矿废弃地土壤重金属富集转化规律

于2008~2009年采取吉林省九台营城煤矿废弃地的复垦土和矸石土作为种植土壤,分别于试验小区内种植黄花草木樨(Melilotus officinalis Lam.)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.),研究植物不同营养器官对煤矿废弃地土壤重金属的富集转化规律。结果表明,两种植物对不同土壤重金属的富集能力不同。复垦土种植条件下,黄花草木樨的叶和茎、紫花苜蓿的根和叶对Zn、Cd、Ni和Cu富集能力较强;矸石土种植条件下,黄花草木樨的叶对Ni、Cd及Cu的富集能力较强,根对Zn的富集能力较强,紫花苜蓿的叶对4种重金属的富集能力均较强,且茎对Cu和Ni、根对Zn也存在一定的富集能力。     

粉煤灰基吸附剂吸附亚甲基蓝及再生性能研究

研究粉煤灰基吸附剂及微波辐照再生后吸附剂对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为,确定了粉煤灰基吸附剂达到吸附平衡的时间及吸附过程符合的等温吸附模型。试验结果表明,1 h后粉煤灰基吸附剂吸附基本达到平衡,吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,最大平衡吸附量为35.64 mg/g。对吸附饱和亚甲基蓝粉煤灰基吸附剂进行微波辐照再生研究,最佳的再生条件为微波功率700 W,再生时间2 min,粉煤灰基吸附剂再生效率为98.6%。     

煤炭资源供需形势与战略储备分析研究——以山西晋城市为例

受资源结构与技术水平等多重因素的制约,煤炭资源在我国的能源供需形势中占主导地位。对山西省晋城市的煤炭储量现状和煤炭资源静态保证年限、煤炭资源需求以及煤炭供需平衡进行了分析,提出了晋城市煤炭战略储备的必要性,针对我国战略储备中存在的问题,提供了一些对策和建议。     

Terrestrial Arthropods in the Initial Restoration Stages of Anthracite Coal Mine Spoil Heaps in Northwestern Spain: Potential Usefulness of Higher Taxa as Restoration Indicators

An “edaphic‐landscape” restoration was performed in two anthracite coal mine spoil heaps located in NW Spain as a demonstration and pilot program for the restoration of coal mine spoils. Terrestrial arthropods were used to monitor the process as an alternative to the use of secondary succession of plants or physico‐chemical indicators of soils. This study analyzes the usefulness of the terrestrial arthropods at different taxonomic levels (orders of Arthropoda, families of Coleoptera, and species of Carabidae) as restoration indicators in the initial restoration stages. The terrestrial arthropods respond rapidly to restoration, and the results may be explained by short‐term increase in abiotic factors resulting from the applied techniques, mainly the animal origin of the organic matter added and the biodegradable coconut geotextile. Carabidae is of relatively low value as a short‐term restoration indicator at a specific level. Coleoptera provided the best information for interpreting the ecological results over the short term and had the best relationship with the cost of identification. Likewise, the results showed that the edaphic‐landscape restoration leads to an abnormal arthropod assemblage in the short term because of an excessive abundance of isopods and polydesmids. No clear convergence appeared toward any of the terrestrial arthropod communities present in the grassland, scrubland, or woodland semi‐natural areas, which were used as reference end point. The restoration indicator value produced by the higher taxonomic levels of the studied terrestrial arthropods may be useful and cost‐effective for assessing short‐term changes caused by environmental restorations performed to recover ecosystems affected by mining activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Ultrafine Physical Structure Characteristics of Coal

The amorphous structure characteristics of coal and their variation regularity are discussed.The pore structure features and models of coal have been reviewed in detail.     

THE "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE MAGROMOLECIJLAR STRUCTURE OF COAL AND ITS RANK

In this paper, by Using Traube's Law, we presented a method with which the macromolecular structure of coal can be studied through the relation between the true density of coal and its chemical constitution Then we researched the law of the variation of the macromolecular struclure of coal with its. rank. At the same time, we discuss the rank of coal which is classified in the constitution and macromolecular structure of coal     

两种测定风化煤与土壤腐殖酸含量方法的比较

选择GB11957-2001中的容量法和土壤腐殖质组成测定法，比较二者对风化煤、耕层土壤（石灰性褐土）、矿区土壤（栗钙土）腐殖酸含量的测定结果，及其实验过程、样品用量的不同，并对土壤腐殖质组成测定法中重铬酸钾溶液浓度进行比较选择。结果表明，GB11957-2001中的容量法对风化煤、耕层土壤（石灰性褐土）腐殖酸含量测定结果约为土壤腐殖质组成测定法的4倍，但对于腐殖酸含量较低的矿区土壤（栗钙土），两种方法测定结果相同。相对而言，GB11957-2001中的容量法在实验过程中更易达到实验要求，具有易操作性。通过实验，提出了风化煤、土壤样品分别在两种实验方法中的合理用量，和土壤腐殖质组成测定法中重铬酸钾的合理浓度为0.4000 mol/L。     

套筒式燃煤高效间接加热通用热风炉的研究

根据固体燃料燃烧和热风干燥的特点,研制成功了新型套筒式换热的高效燃煤热风炉,已广泛应用于谷物及农产品干燥加工行业。该文除对工作原理及设计方法作了介绍外,还对各种空气加热装置作了比较。