河北太行山山前平原葡萄园土壤硝态氮累积特征及影响因素

为进一步摸清农户生产实践条件下果园土壤硝态氮分布特征及影响因素,以河北太行山山前平原的保定地区葡萄园为研究对象,调查28个果园生产管理现状,测定分析葡萄园和临近农田共31个样点0—200 cm土壤硝态氮含量、累积量及主要影响因素。结果表明:葡萄生产中氮肥施用量偏高,每季平均为297 kg/hm²,过量的养分投入导致氮素在土壤中累积,0—200 cm土层硝态氮淋洗现象明显,平均累积量高达1 555 kg/hm²。不同树龄、施氮量、灌溉量水平下,土壤硝态氮含量有所不同,但均表现出随土层深度增加而增加的趋势,并且明显高于农田土壤。相关性分析表明,硝态氮累积量与树龄和施氮量均呈极显著正相关,与灌溉量呈显著负相关。通径分析表明,对土壤硝态氮累积量影响最大的因素为施氮量,其次为树龄和施肥次数,最后为灌溉量,施肥次数主要通过影响施氮量来间接影响硝态氮累积量。研究区域葡萄园氮素盈余严重,土壤硝态氮大量累积,并向深层土壤淋洗,影响该地区硝态氮累积的主要因素为施氮量、树龄和灌溉量。     

Soil organic matter and sorption capacity under different soil management practices in a productive vineyard

The effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on sorptive parameters under different soil management practices in Rendzic Leptosol was studied. In 2006, an experiment of different management practices in a productive vineyard was established in the locality of Nitra-Dra?ovce (Slovakia). The following treatments were established: (1) control (grass without fertilization), (2) T (tillage), (3) T + FYM (tillage + farmyard manure), (4) G + NPK3 (grass + 3rd intensity of fertilization for vineyards), (5) G + NPK1 (grass + 1st intensity of fertilization for vineyards). Soil samples were collected every month during the year 2010. Obtained results showed increased hydrolytic acidity (by 23%), sum of basic cations (by 37%) and decreased total cation exchange capacity (CEC) (by 36%) with higher doses of fertilization in comparison to control. Application of farmyard manure had a positive effect on the increase in the SOM cation sorption capacity. Positive correlations between pH and sum of basic cations (SBC) (r = 0.493, p ≤ 0.001), CEC (r = 0.498, p ≤ 0.001) and cation sorption capacity of SOM (r = 0.391, p ≤ 0.01) were observed. Higher values of labile carbon:potentially mineralizable nitrogen (C_L:N_pot) ratio corresponded with lesser CEC, SBC and base saturation values in the soil. With increased humus quality (higher values of humic acid:fulvic acid (C_HA:C_FA) ratio), cation sorption capacity of SOM significantly increased (r = 0.329, p ≤ 0.01). The results of this study proved that the application of farmyard manure had a positive effect on the increase of SOM sorption capacity, but higher doses of mineral fertilizers added to soil had a negative effect.     

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER FRACTIONS IN A VINEYARD SOIL

The aim of this work is to assess the effect of planting patterns on the spatial distribution of total copper and other Cu fractions in vineyard soils. Both classical and geostatistical tools were used for the study. The soil of the plot had a loam texture and was strongly acid. The mean total Cu concentration (Cu_T) was 368 mg kg⁻¹. The mean value of potential available fractions was 188 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu_EDTA and 122 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu_DPTA, whereas the mean exchangeable Cu (Cu_EX) was 5·2 mg kg⁻¹. All Cu measurements exhibited a wide variation. These values are very high compared with those found in non‐polluted soils, and they can affect the soil, plants and microorganisms. The best correlation for Cu_EX was with soil pH, whereas for Cu_EDTA, Cu_DPTA, and Cu_T, the best correlation was with soil organic carbon. Directional semivariograms were fitted with a spherical model (parallel to plant rows) and a periodic model (perpendicular) showing a dependence on orientation and distance. All Cu measurements were higher along plant rows than among them, finding a periodic pattern in the variance for the normal direction from plant rows. However, in site‐specific management, it is crucial not only to describe the pattern of variation but also to estimate the Cu content in the soil. Copper concentration maps were estimated by kriging interpolation. These maps show a higher Cu accumulation along the cultivated rows than the uncultivated rows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Immobilization of soil copper using organic and inorganic amendments

This experiment aimed to immobilize Cu in polluted agricultural soils via the application of agrochemicals to reduce its bioavailability to plants. A greenhouse pot experiment was established using a Cu contaminated vineyard topsoil collected from a farm in Greece. The soil was mixed with inorganic [i.e., zeolite (Z), Al‐oxide (AX), Mn‐oxide (MX), and phosphate rock (PR)] as well as organic amendments [i.e., activated charcoal (AC), commercial peat soil material (CP), and compost from olive oil processing wastes (COW)] with an application rate of 2.5% and cultivated by corn (Zea maize). After plant harvesting, Cu was measured separately in the aboveground biomass and roots, respectively, whereas the soil samples were analyzed for DTPA‐extractable and geochemical fractions of Cu (soluble + exchangeable fraction, sorbed and carbonate fraction, Fe‐/Mn‐oxides fraction, and organic fraction). The immobilizing agents, except MX, reduced the soluble plus exchangeable Cu in the treated soil. The lowest concentrations of the soluble plus exchangeable Cu occurred in the soil amended with AC followed by CP, AX, COW, PR, and Z, respectively. The amendments decreased the uptake of Cu by corn. Concentrations of Cu were between 11 and 38% lower in the above ground biomass and 19 and 48% lower in the roots than the control. The organic amendments were more effective than the inorganic additives. The AC was the most effective organic additive and AX was the most effective inorganic amendment.     

The Effect of Vineyard Cover Crop on Main Monomeric Phenols of Grape Berry and Wine in Vitis viniferal L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.     

葡萄园行间生草体系中土壤微生物数量的变化及其与土壤养分的关系

在酿酒葡萄生产园行间播种白三叶草、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅,以清耕为对照,研究了土壤微生物数量的变化及其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明,与清耕（对照）相比,行间生草总体使葡萄园土壤微生物数量增加,其中固氮菌与纤维素分解菌数量升高幅度较大,平均升高幅度分别为223.4%和83.4%,细菌数量平均升高68.1%,放线菌数量升高的幅度最小。白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理较高羊茅处理增加的幅度大,除放线菌外,均与清耕之间差异达显著水平。行间生草使土壤有机质含量显著提高,全P、速效P含量降低;白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理使土壤全N、碱解N、速效K含量显著提高,高羊茅处理使其降低。除速效P外,其余土壤养分与土壤微生物因子均呈显著或极显著正相关。通径分析表明,纤维素分解菌是影响土壤有机质最重要的微生物因子,放线菌是影响土壤N、P、K最重要的微生物因子。     

西北半干旱区葡萄园生草体系中土壤生物学特性与土壤养分的关系

 摘要【目的】在葡萄园行间生草条件下研究土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性与土壤养分的变化及其相关性,阐明土壤生物学指标与土壤肥力的关系。【方法】在酿酒葡萄园行间播种白三叶草、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅,以清耕为对照,测定土壤5种微生物数量、6种土壤酶活性及8个养分指标,分析其变化特征及相互关系。【结果】行间生草总体使土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性提高,但高羊茅处理使脲酶和蔗糖酶活性降低;行间生草均使土壤有机质含量升高,白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理使葡萄园土壤碱解N、全N、速效K含量升高,高羊茅处理使其降低,禾本科牧草高羊茅活化P的作用较大。相关分析表明,土壤有机质、全N、碱解N、全P、速效K与土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、固氮菌、纤维素分解菌、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、淀粉酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶均呈极显著或显著正相关;除过氧化氢酶外,土壤微生物数量与其余酶活性之间也存在极显著正相关关系。而过氧化氢酶与土壤养分和微生物相关性均不显著,全K与所有生物学特性指标无显著相关关系,土壤pH与土壤生物学特性指标呈负相关关系。【结论】行间生草可提高土壤微生物数量、酶活性及土壤肥力,豆科牧草紫花苜蓿和白三叶草提高的效应较明显;土壤生物学指标与土壤养分具有一定的相关性,土壤生物学指标可以反映葡萄园土壤质量的变化。     

行间生草对红地球葡萄园树体及土壤物理性状的影响

在夏季高温条件下,研究了葡萄园行间清耕及行间生白三叶草对红地球葡萄园树体生长及土壤物理性状的影响,为葡萄园行间生草提供试验依据。结果表明:生草处理的葡萄叶绿素(SPAD值)、叶面积、节间长、节间粗分别为35.53、366.80cm2、13.03cm、1.275cm,比清耕增加2.33%、0.55%、7.69%、6.25%,但差异不显著;夏季高温条件下,14:00-16:00时,生草处理对地表至地下10cm处的降温效果显著;生草处理0～10cm土壤容积含水量明显高于清耕处理,而30～40cm土壤容积含水量又略低于清耕处理;生草使土壤容重降低9.49%,总孔隙度提高4个百分点;生草还降低了葡萄叶片的温度及气孔导度。可见,葡萄园行间生草改善了土壤物理性状,促进了葡萄生长发育。