Linear mixed-effects models for weight–length relationships

Length and weight data are often analyzed in fisheries science to derive a parametric weight–length relationship for estimating biomass and to develop indices of condition for comparing the ‘wellness’ of different populations of fish. However, analysis of such data often ignores the inherent spatial and temporal grouping of the observations, and hence, the data hierarchy. This paper proposes the use of linear mixed-effects models as an effective means of analyzing and comparing weight–length relationships and indices of condition when there are many groups. The use of simple linear regression (where grouping is ignored), ANCOVA (where group effects are incorporated as fixed-effects), and linear mixed-effects models (where group effects are random-effects) are compared using data for Atlantic sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus). The group means of residuals is proposed as a measure of relative weight or index of population condition. Linear mixed-effects models should be used to analyze grouped data because the variability among groups is ignored in simple linear regression and ANCOVA. Also, it is important that explanatory variables be incorporated in analyses of grouped data because their influence may mask the true differences among groups.     

Highly characteristic and individual specific telomere length patterns in cattle

A combined primed in situ labelling (PRINS)/4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)/propidium iodide (PI)-fluorescence-banding method was used to characterise telomeres, identify their specific chromosomes and visualise neighbouring heterochromatin in 25 artificial insemination (AI) bulls. A highly heterogeneous telomere length pattern was found in cattle. Each bull possessed his own characteristic, specific telomere length pattern.     

金属切削中刀-屑接触长度的有限元分析

通过计算机模拟金属切削连续稳态成屑过程，以三角形元素进行有限元网络划分，采用von—Mises屈服判据和Prandtl-Reuss流动定律，对工件-切屑进行弹-塑性变形及受力分析，从切屑底层元素代表长的积累确定刀具-切屑接触长度。实验研究表明，采用本方法确定的接触长度与实验结果具有很好的一致性。     

雨型和坡长对侵蚀泥沙粒径特征的影响

为揭示降雨和坡长对侵蚀泥沙粒径特征的影响,以不同坡长野外观测试验小区为对象,结合82场降雨资料,以降雨量(P,mm)、最大30 min雨强(I₃₀,mm/h)和降雨侵蚀力[R,MJ·mm/(hm²·h)]为降雨特征指标,利用系统聚类法进行雨型划分(A雨型：大雨量、高雨强、高侵蚀力;B雨型：中雨量、小雨强、中等侵蚀力;C雨型：低雨量、中雨强、中低等侵蚀力),分析了11场降雨事件中侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征。结果表明：(1)研究区侵蚀泥沙粒径特征受不同雨型影响,有效黏粒和最终黏粒含量在C雨型下最高,有效砂粒和最终砂粒含量在B雨型下最高,而有效粉粒和最终粉粒含量分别在A和C雨型下最高。(2)坡长对侵蚀泥沙粒径特征的影响存在临界坡长效应(14 m),小于临界坡长时,黏粒级和粉粒级颗粒含量随坡长增加而降低;超过临界坡长后,黏粒级和粉粒级颗粒含量随坡长增加而增加,该效应在最终粒径下更为显著。(3)有效砂粒输移形式受雨型和坡长影响较大,在B雨型下主要以团粒形式输移,在A,C雨型下达临界坡长时以单粒形式输移。侵蚀泥沙的有效粒径颗粒比原坡面土壤细,而最终粒径颗粒则...     

青藏高原坡度坡长因子(LS)空间格局及影响因素分析

地形是影响土壤侵蚀的主要因素,但目前关于青藏高原地形因子的分布格局和影响因素有待研究。基于1弧秒分辨率的SRTM(shuttle radar topography mission)高程数据,计算坡度、坡长、LS因子(slope length and steepness factors,LS),结合高程积分和Hack剖面等,对青藏高原LS因子的分布格局、统计分布特征和影响因素进行研究,结果表明：(1)坡度、坡长和LS因子这3个地形指标,均表现出高原内部小、四周高山大的格局,内流区与外流区的坡度均值分别为6.55°和14.3°,坡长均值分别为122.9,172.2 m,LS均值分别为4.8和12.7;(2)青藏高原LS因子整体受坡度影响,但高原边缘陡峭地区LS因子主要受坡长影响;(3)青藏高原6条主要河流的Hack剖面都呈上凸形态,该地区地貌演化整体上处于幼年期;(4)青藏高原LS因子的分布特征与土壤侵蚀类型及其组合有对应关系：周边地区的高值对应冰川侵蚀—水蚀,西北部的低值对应水力—冻融侵蚀和风蚀,东南部边缘向高原内部过渡地区的较高值对应水力—重力侵蚀。通过分析LS因子的分布格局和统计特征...     

Behavior and respiration responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to soil arsenite pollution

Soil arsenic (As) pollution from mining and industrial sources is a serious issue in China. Earthworms are considered ecosystem engineers and contribute to soil fertility development and maintenance of soil physico-chemical properties. In this study, earthworms were exposed to soils with different sodium arsenite concentrations (0, 5, 20, and 80 mg As kg^-1) for 60 d to investigate the changes in soil properties and the responses of the earthworms (e.g., burrowing activity and respiration). Earthworm burrowing activity decreased with increasing arsenite concentrations, and earthworm respiration was significantly lower in soils with 20 and 80 mg As kg^-1 compared to 0 mg As kg^-1. Changes in soil properties were also observed after incubation of As-amended soil with earthworms. Specifically, soil pH decreased, while soil electrical conductivity and contents of soil NH₃^--N, Olsen-P, and available K increased. Our results suggest that arsenite negatively impacts the metabolic activity of earthworms, leading to reduced burrowing activity, which in turn modifies the effects of earthworms on soil fertility and remediation.     

新疆富蕴地震断裂带植被恢复对土壤古菌群落的影响

选取新疆富蕴地震断裂带8种次生植物根际土壤,以同土层裸地为对照,测量土壤化学性质,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性技术研究塌陷区次生植物对土壤古菌群落的影响.结果表明,多数植物根际土壤养分显著(P＜0.05)高于对照,其主要古菌类群为泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)和广古菌门(Euryarchaeota),群落间多样性差异大,相似性低.不同植物根际土壤古菌的优势类群数量差异较大,鼠掌老鹳草高达18种,西北绢蒿少为2种.典范对应分析表明,土壤有机质含量对古菌优势类群分布影响最大(Hha Ⅰ酶切:r=0.94;Rsa l酶切:r=0.74),速效磷含量与古菌群落各多样性指数呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),总氮含量与均匀度指数E呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).新疆地震断裂带植被的恢复可影响根际土壤古菌群落的分布、组成和结构,其原因与植物根际土壤化学性质有关,同时在改善土壤肥力方面也有显著效果.     

甘草种衣剂对甘草生长和甘草酸含量的影响

目的了解甘草种衣剂对一年生甘草中根长、根干重和甘草酸含量的影响,为甘草包衣技术的推广提供理论依据和技术支撑。方法采用刻度尺直接测量根长,烘干后测量根干重的方法,甘草酸含量测定采用高效液相色谱法,对甘草根部粉末的70%乙醇提取物进行分析。以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂,乙腈为流动相A,0.05%磷酸溶液为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为237nm。结果甘草种衣剂可以增加一年生甘草根长、根干重和甘草酸含量,包衣组甘草中的甘草酸含量比未包衣组的增加了0.01%。结论甘草种衣剂可以促进增加甘草根长和根干重,进而促进甘草根部的生长,HPLC法方法准确,灵敏度高,重复性好,成本低,可用于甘草中甘草酸含量测定,甘草种衣剂可以提高甘草中甘草酸含量,进而提高了甘草的品质。     

METABOLIC CHANGE,TILLERING AND ROOT SYSTEM OF BRACHIARIA BRIZANTHA IN RESPONSE TO PHOSPHORUS AND ZINC NUTRITION

Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) availabilities are important to the nutrition of tropical forage grasses. In this manner, this study aimed to identify and quantify changes in metabolism, tillering, and root system of Brachiaria brizantha cv. ‘Marandu’ related to P and Zn availabilities. Plants of B. brizantha cv. ‘Marandu’ were grown in nutrient solution under five rates of P (0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.6, and 2.1 mmol L^?1) and five rates of Zn (0.00, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25, and 3.00 μmol L^?1), in a fractionated factorial. The interaction P x Zn rates and the Zn supply were not significant for the activity of acid phosphatase enzyme, P-use index, number of tillers, and root parameters. P-use index and enzyme activity decreased as P availability increased. The high efficiency in P use was a result of high acid phosphatase activity and P supply was essential to the development of ‘Marandu’ palisadegrass root system.     

基于四种分辨率DEM的侵蚀模型地形因子差异分析

通过提取江西省兴国县潋水河流域10 m、25 m、50 m和100 m四种分辨率数字高程模型(DEM,Digital Elevation Model)的坡度、坡长因子,在GIS数字地形分析和数理分析等方法支持下,研究不同分辨率DEM计算坡度坡长组合因子(LS)的精度差异。结果表明:(1)基于4种分辨率DEM提取的坡度结果存在明显差异,随分辨率的降低,坡度整体变缓,DEM精度越低,对地形的概括作用越大,100 m分辨率DEM平均坡度降为10m分辨率DEM平均坡度的45.04%。(2)流域坡长以0~80 m的短坡为主,随着分辨率的降低,地面坡长明显整体延伸。(3)不同分辨率DEM计算的LS因子平均值变化范围为6.10~7.10,坡度和坡长的组合消弱了单一坡度和坡长的影响,随着地形起伏程度增大,在LS因子计算过程中,坡度的主导作用越来越弱,坡长的主导作用越来越强。