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51.
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is a devastating disease in cereals. This study was undertaken to estimate progeny means and variances in each of five winter triticale and winter wheat crosses using unselected F2−derived lines in F4 or F5 generation bulked at harvest of the previous generation. Fifty (triticale) and 95 (wheat) progeny per cross were inoculated in two (triticale) or three (wheat) field environments. FHB rating was assessed on a whole-plot basis. Mean disease severities of the parents ranged from 2.3 to 6.4 in triticale and from 3.1 to 6.5 in wheat on a 1-to-9 scale (1 = symptomless, 9 = 100% infected). The midparent values generally resembled the means of their derived progeny. Significant (P < 0.01) genotypic variance was detected within each cross, but genotype × environment interaction and error variances were also high for both crops. Medium to high entry-mean heritabilities (0.6–0.8) underline the feasibility of selecting F2-derived bulks on a plot basis in several environments. Phenotypic correlation of FHB resistance between generation F2:4 and F2:5 was r = 0.87 (P < 0.01) tested across 150 wheat bulks at two locations. Our estimates of selection gain are encouraging for breeders to improve FHB resistance in triticale and wheat by recurrent selection within adapted materials.  相似文献   
52.
为有效地利用黄秋葵种质资源,给新品种选育提供理论依据,以60份黄秋葵种质资源为试验材料,对31个植物学特征和生物学特性指标进行了遗传多样性分析和相关性分析。结果表明:(1)黄秋葵植物学特征间存在明显相关性,茎色、茎表面、叶色、果色呈同一对应关系。叶姿越直立的,其叶型多为浅裂叶或全叶,花冠中等偏小,种子形状多是圆形;反之,叶姿下垂的,叶型多为深裂叶,花冠较大,种子多为扁圆形、肾形。(2)黄秋葵的生物学特性多样性丰富,存在广泛变异,其变异系数排序为:种子产量(72.51%)果数(43.84%)叶柄长(40.84%)果长(36.95%)第1朵花开花天数(28.22%)叶片长度(22.69%)叶片宽度(21.28%)分枝数(21.05%)株高(20.99%)开花天数(18.14%)出苗天数(16.96%)生育天数(8.97%)花瓣数(2.57%)。(3)黄秋葵生物学特性间存在明显相关性,黄秋葵种子产量与叶柄长度、果数、叶片长度、叶片宽度、开花天数达极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.53、0.49、0.46、0.39、0.37。开展黄秋葵种质遗传多样性的研究对黄秋葵种质的鉴定、评价及利用有着重要的意义。  相似文献   
53.
Summary To investigate genetic regulation of blossom-end scar size in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), a half diallel cross including 10 parents was grown under warm fall conditions in Bradenton, Florida, and cool winter conditions in Hazeva, Israel. The parents were a random sample representing all available fresh market tomato breeding lines commercially grown under subtropical field conditions. A randomized, complete block design with three replications was used and the blossom-end scar index (BSI), a measure for scar size relative to truit size, was measured on 40 and 25 fruits per plot in Bradenton and Hazeva, respectively. Analysis of variance for BSI indicated highly significant (P=0.001) variation among parents and among F1's in both environments. In Bradenton and Hazeva both, the difference in average BSI between parents and F1's was not significant suggesting insignificant overall dominance effects. Further partitioning of variation within F1's indicated that general combining ability (GCA) effects were highly significant in both environments, whereas specific combining ability (SCA) effects were significant at P=0.001 in Bradenton, but only at P=0.05 in Hazeva. Estimated variance components for GCA and SCA effects indicated that BSI inherited mainly additively in both environments. Analysis combined over environments indicated that variation in sensitivity to environments was 5-fold higher among parents than among F1's. The genotype x environment variance component was not large enough to justify testing over more than one environment for population improvement purposes and early testing of hybrids. Evaluation of inbred lines, however, may have to be done in more than one environment, especially for Suncoast-derived material. Under temperatures in Hazeva, genotype differences were more pronounced and heritabilities higher than under high temperatures in Bradenton. The estimated overall single plot heritability was 0.63. Breeding lines with a pointed blossom-end morphology (e.g. NC 8276 and NC 140 in this study) generally had small blossom-end scars, and intercrossing of these lines or crossing with non-pointed, moderately smooth breeding lines generally resulted in smooth hybrids.  相似文献   
54.
Keuls  M.  Garretsen  Frida 《Euphytica》1982,31(1):51-64
Summary In the first part of this paper some experimental conditions necessary for a valid statistical analysis of differences in growth curves are discussed.Next the multivariate character of growth curves is considered. Data on the growth curves of three genotypes of an experiment with tomatoes of the IVT are used for illustrating the computational procedure and some aspects of interpretation.The growth curves of log dry leaf weight for each plot could be described by a quadratic function of time and were characterised by three components: mean level m, slope 1 (linear component) and curvature q (quadratic component).Univariate analyses of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences between cultivars for each growth component: however, this is only part of the information as the correlation between the components is not involved. From a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) it appeared that in this experiment the differences in growth between the cultivars were best expressed by using mean level m only.An estimate of the final (reduced) statistical model underlying the tomato example is derived.It is advised to split up growth into different phases of development each with its own analysis. At least four harvest dates for every phase seem desirable.  相似文献   
55.
D. M. Hogarth 《Euphytica》1980,29(3):737-746
Summary The diallel cross was found to be an unsuitable design for quantitative genetic analyses with sugar cane.Accidental selfing caused substantial inbreeding depression for most characters. Consequently, analysis of a diallel cross without regard to the effect of accidental selfing would be subject to bias, if accidental selfing were common. A selfing model proposed by Dudley (1963) was extended to include differential selfing, and was tested in an experiment in which the percentage of selfing in each cross was estimated visually.Variance components had large standard errors, which prevented firm conclusions from being drawn, but selfing appeared to cause substantial bias in the estimates. Estimates of genetic variance components from a p(p-1) diallel set, using the extended selfing model, were compared with estimates obtained from the standard analyses in which reciprocal or maternal effects should account for the effect of selfing. The estimates were comparable, but the standard analyses were simpler and produced estimates with lower standard errors.When the effects of selfing were minimized, general combining ability (g.c.a.) effects appeared to be much more important than specific combining ability (s.c.a.) effects for most characters.  相似文献   
56.
Zhang  Xiao-ming  Shi  Chun-hai  Yue  Shen-Hai  Wu  Jian-guo  Bao  Geng-liang 《Euphytica》2004,139(3):249-256
Genetics of methionine content in indica-japonica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) was studied in 35 F1 hybrids derived from crossing 7 male-sterile indica rice cultivars with 5 restorer japonica rice cultivars. Two genetic models and their corresponding statistical methods for quantitative traits of triploid endosperm in cereal crops were used for the analysis. One is the unconditional model, which refers to the analysis of cumulative measurements along the developmental stages, while another is the conditional model, which relates to analysis throughout the developmental stages. Results showed that methionine content of indica-japonica hybrid rice was controlled by expression of triploid endosperm nuclear genes, cytoplasm genes, diploid maternal plant nuclear genes, and their genotype-environment interaction effects. Dominant effects were important at the first three developmental stages, while additive effects were important at the next two stages of grain development under both unconditional and conditional analyses. With regard to the components of heritability, maternal and cytoplasm general heritabilities and their environmental interaction heritabilities were important. It was suggested that enhancing methionine content could be more efficient when selection is based on maternal plants in early breeding generations.  相似文献   
57.
Four cycles of modified recurrent full‐sib (FS) selection were conducted in an intermated F2 population of European flint maize. The objectives of our study were to monitor trends across selection cycles in the estimates of population mean, inbreeding coefficients and variance components, and to investigate the usefulness of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) of progeny performance under the recurrent FS selection scheme applied. We used a selection rate of 25% for a selection index, based on grain yield and dry matter content. A pseudo‐factorial mating scheme was used for recombination. In this scheme, the selected FS families were divided into an upper‐ranking group of parents mated to the lower‐ranking group. Variance components were estimated with restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Average grain yield increased 1.2 t/ha per cycle, average grain moisture decreased 20.1 g/kg per cycle, and the selection index relative to the F2 check entries decreased 0.3% per cycle. For a more precise calculation of selection response, the four cycles should be tested together in multi‐environmental trials. We observed a significant decrease in additive variance in the selection index, suggesting smaller future selection response. Predictions of FS family performance in Cn + 1 based on mean performance of parental FS families in Cn were of equal precision as those based on the mean additive genetic BLUP of their parents, and corresponding correlations were of moderate size for grain moisture and selection index.  相似文献   
58.
59.
对黄土丘陵区退耕地植被特征的时空变异性进行了研究.结果表明,不同植被类型区植被特征之间差异不是很显著,仅延安与安塞在物种丰富度之间和安塞与吴旗在物种多样性之间存在较显著的差异(0.01<p<0.05),其它的两两之间的差异并不明显.延安森林带北缘→安塞森林草原带植被指数呈下降趋势,降幅最大为17.65%,变异系数呈增大趋势,增幅最大为21.49%;安塞森林草原带→吴旗草原带物种丰富度指数及其变异系数都呈增大趋势,而物种多样性和均匀度指数呈减小趋势,其变异系数呈增大趋势.植被指数随退耕年限的变化趋势图都有两个明显的峰值,并在退耕20年左右后植被群落逐渐稳定.  相似文献   
60.
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