Mechanisms of resistance to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors: a review

Resistance to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors has developed in at least 10 grass weed species in recent years. In most instances, resistance is conferred by an ACCase alteration in the resistant biotypes that reduces sensitivity to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) and cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides. Analysis of ACCase from many of these resistant weed biotypes suggests the presence of different mutations, each conferring a different pattern and level of resistance to various AOPP and CHD herbicides. In all cases analyzed to date, resistance is controlled by a single dominant or semi-dominant nuclear gene. In several weed biotypes, resistance is conferred by enhanced herbicide detoxification, primarily through elevated expression or activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase(s). This mechanism can confer cross-resistance to herbicides from other chemical classes with different modes of action. Finally, multiple herbicide resistance, i.e. the acquisition of several different resistance mechanisms, has been reported in some weed biotypes. ©1997 SCI     

金潮原因种铜藻外源无机碳利用特征初步研究

为揭示铜藻(Sargassum horneri)对无机碳利用的基本特性及铜藻在漂浮过程中生物量迅速累积并最终发展为金潮的生理生态学机理,以我国近海金潮原因种铜藻为研究对象,在不同pH (6.5、8.0和9.5)条件下研究了添加TRIS缓冲剂、碳酸酐酶抑制剂(AZ、EZ)和阴离子交换蛋白抑制剂(DIDS)后藻体的固碳速率、光合作用-无机碳响应曲线(P-C曲线)及pH漂移曲线。结果显示,TRIS缓冲剂对铜藻的固碳速率无显著影响(P>0.05),而3种抑制剂均显著(P<0. 05)抑制铜藻的固碳速率且抑制效率从大至小依次为DIDS> EZ>AZ。藻体的固碳速率随着外源无机碳浓度的增加而增加,并渐趋饱和。此外,藻体的最大固碳速率(V_max)随着pH的升高而降低,而半饱和常数(K_0.5)则随着pH的升高而升高,藻体的pH补偿点为9.0左右。结果表明,铜藻既可以利用海水中的CO_2也可以利用HCO_3^-进行光合作用;并且铜藻对HCO_3^-的吸收存在通过阴离子交换蛋白直接转运吸收和利用碳酸酐酶将HCO_3^-转化为CO_2后再吸收两种方式。对HCO_3^-的高效吸收利用能力可能是铜藻保证维持较高光合作用、快速积累生物量并最终演变为金潮的重要因素之一。     

不同氮肥抑制剂对小麦产量、土壤肥力、氮肥利用率的影响

为减少氮肥施用量,提高氮肥利用效率。添加氮素抑制剂是提高小麦氮肥利用率的有效途径之一。采用大田试验,在减氮10%的条件下,添加脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、氢醌(HQ)和硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)、双氰胺(DCD)对小麦产量、土壤肥料、植株氮磷钾含量的影响。结果表明：与100%尿素对照相比,DCD、DMPP、NBPT和HQ氮肥抑制剂均增加了小麦产量和氮肥利用率,其中DMPP处理的小麦产量达到了显著水平(P<0.05),且均增加了土壤pH,降低了土壤有效磷含量,对土壤有机质和速效钾影响不大,其中硝化抑制剂DCD、DMPP增加了土壤碱解氮含量,脲酶抑制剂NBPT和HQ降低了土壤碱解氮含量,DMPP和HQ增加了小麦植株氮、磷含量,DCD和NBPT降低了小麦植株氮、磷含量,4个氮肥抑制剂均降低了小麦植株钾含量。总之,DMPP和HQ的减肥增效效果最理想,能够有效增加小麦产量,促进小麦对氮素的吸收利用,提高氮素利用效率,缓解土壤酸化。     

A comparative molecular field analysis study of obtusifoliol 14α-methyl demethylase inhibitors

This report describes the development of a Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) model from a set of obtusifoliol 14α-methyl demethylase (DM) inhibitors to aid in the design of herbicides targeting sterol biosynthesis. CoMFA is a three-dimensional (3-D) quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) method that is useful in the probing of receptor binding sites when experimental structure data are unavailable. Conformational analysis and SAR of some rigid and active analogs were used to build the initial model using the active analog hypothesis. The model was subsequently used to design compounds that retain the active site shape requirements, but incorporate physical properties that favor soil-applied herbicidal action. In addition, a second-generation CoMFA model incorporating the newly designed inhibitors was developed and represents the current understanding of the DM binding site. This model was derived from a pharmacophore developed from two methods, the active analog approach as well as from the Catalyst program. The fact that two independent methods produced a similar pharmacophore strengthens the validity of the model. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Quinone Binding Sites of Membrane Proteins as Targets for Inhibitors

Quinones are a central component of most photosynthetic and respiratory electron transfer chains. The proteins that reduce and oxidise these quinones have quinone binding sites—Q sites—that are good targets for pesticides. This paper reviews the diversity of these sites, their possible structure, and the types of compounds that act upon them.     

太行山南麓5个林龄侧柏人工林土壤酶活性季节变化

采用时空互代法,以太行山南麓地区20,30,40,50,60年生侧柏人工林土壤为研究对象,研究了土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性的季节变化、空间分布特征及其与土壤因子的相关性。结果表明:土壤酶活性有明显的季节变化特征,土壤蔗糖酶的活性呈夏季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 冬季,脲酶活性的季节动态呈夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季,两种土壤酶活性均在夏季最高,冬季最低。土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性均随土层深度的增加而显著降低（p<0.01）,从表层0-10 cm至深层30-40 cm酶活性下降幅度均超过46%。相关性分析表明,土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶均与土壤含水率、DOC含量呈极显著正相关关系,且两者之间也存在极显著正相关关系（p<0.01）,但是二者的主要影响因子并不完全一致。逐步回归分析表明蔗糖酶活性的主要影响因子是土壤含水率和砂粒体积分数,二者能解释71.2%的变化;脲酶活性的主要影响因子是DON、土壤含水率、硝态氮含量和土壤容重,四者能解释71.5%的变化,暗示温度和水分可能是该区人工林土壤生物活性的主要控制性因素。     

生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季氨挥发的影响

为探讨生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季氨挥发的影响,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究生化抑制剂组合[N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、N-丙基硫代磷酰三胺(NPPT)和2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶(CP)]与施肥模式(一次性和分次施肥)互作对黄泥田稻季氨(NH3)挥发动态变化的影响。结果表明:黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失主要集中于施肥后1周,峰值发生在第1~3 d。生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失量的效应显著。尿素分次施用处理稻季NH3挥发净损失率较一次性施用处理显著降低24.6%。不同施肥模式下,硝化抑制剂CP处理显著提高田面水NH+4-N峰值和NH3挥发速率峰值,增加稻田NH3挥发损失量;脲酶抑制剂NBPT/NPPT或配施CP处理明显延缓尿素水解,降低NH3挥发速率峰值,减少稻田NH3挥发损失量。新型脲酶抑制剂NPPT单独施用及与CP配施的稻田NH3挥发动态变化与NBPT相似。相关性分析表明,稻田NH3挥发速率与田面水NH+4-N浓度和pH值呈显著正相关,而与气温、土温和土壤相对湿度无显著相关性。总之,生化抑制剂组合与适宜的运筹相结合更能有效减少黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失。     

脲酶抑制剂不同用量对土壤氮素供应的影响

为研究在红壤双季稻田脲酶抑制剂适宜的添加比例,采用田间小区试验研究不同水平的脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对双季稻田土壤氮素转化的影响。本文设置NBPT的施用量为尿素的0. 5%、0. 75%、1. 0%、1. 25%、1. 5%5个水平。结果表明:与农民习惯施氮(单施尿素N 135 kg/hm~2)处理相比,NBPT与尿素的比例1. 0%时,对早、晚稻的产量与氮素回收率均无显著影响,当NBPT添加比例为1. 0%、1. 25%、1. 5%时,早、晚稻的产量以及氮素回收率均显著提高,且添加量在1. 0%与1. 5%的两个处理之间无显著差异;与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT大于1. 0%时,土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量在分蘖期显著降低,铵态氮含量在孕穗期显著升高,而硝酸还原酶活性、硝态氮含量及微生物量碳、氮含量始终无明显差异,孕穗期的脲酶活性也无显著差异;通过逐步回归分析发现,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无明显影响,由此可知,添加NBPT可保持孕穗期较高的土壤铵态氮含量可能是其增产与提高氮肥利用率的主要原因,NBPT在稻田的适宜添加量为尿素用量的1. 0%以上。     

腐植酸对土壤氮素转化及氨挥发损失的影响

采用培养试验方法研究腐植酸添加量(0、5%、10%、25%、50%、75%HA)对土壤氮素转化及其损失的影响。结果表明:与CK对比,1)腐植酸可显著降低氨挥发量,各处理平均降低12.08%,且随着腐植酸添加量的增加对氨挥发的抑制作用增大;2)培养前期,5%~50%添加量范围内腐植酸能提高土壤脲酶活性,至5 d时平均提高了35.13%,75%腐植酸添加量的土壤脲酶活性降低了13.23%,但培养后期(14 d后)腐植酸处理均能提高土壤脲酶活性;3)添加腐植酸使土壤铵态氮含量增加,且随着腐植酸添加量的增大,土壤铵态氮含量呈增加趋势,至培养112 d时,腐植酸处理的土壤铵态氮含量平均增加了39.63%;4)在整个培养期间,腐植酸处理的土壤表观硝化率平均降低了17.20%,且腐植酸的添加量越大,土壤表观硝化率越低。这些结果充分表明腐植酸能够调控土壤氮素去向、减少氮素损失,对提高氮肥利用率具有重要意义。     

Impact of foliar nickel application on urease activity,antioxidant metabolism and control of powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybean plants

Nickel (Ni) is a cofactor for urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological impact of Ni on urea, antioxidant metabolism and powdery mildew severity in soybean plants. Seven levels of Ni (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g ha^?1) alone or combined with the fungicides fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin were applied to soybean plants. The total Ni concentration ranged from 3.8 to 38.0 mg kg^?1 in leaves and 3.0 to 18.0 mg kg^?1 in seeds. A strong correlation was observed between Ni concentration in the leaves and seeds, indicating translocation of Ni from leaves to seeds. Application of Ni above 60 g ha^?1 increased lipid peroxidation in the leaf tissues, indicative of oxidative stress. Application of 40 g ha^?1 Ni combined with 300 mL ha^?1 of fungicide reduced powdery mildew severity by up to 99%. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and urease enzyme activity were greatest under these conditions. Urea concentration decreased in response to Ni application. Urease activity in soybean leaves showed a negative correlation with powdery mildew severity. The leaf Ni concentration showed a positive correlation with the urease and a negative correlation with powdery mildew severity. The results of this study suggest that urease is a key enzyme regulated by Ni and has a role in host defence against powdery mildew by stimulating antioxidant metabolism in soybean plants.