Morphology and formation mechanism of sand shadow dunes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The formation and development of dunes depend on wind-blown sand movement which is affected by the characteristics of sand material, topography, wind regimes and other factors. In this paper, we investigated two sand shadow dune groups in Shigatse and Za’gya Zangbo of Tibet and an individual dune in Da Qaidam of Qinghai, and analyzed their topographies and morphologies, and the physical characteristics of the sand, wind regime and sand transport. Formed under harsh conditions behind hills, these mature sand shadow dunes are hundreds of meters long, have significant ridges and crescent dunes downwind, and have a hill pass on one or both sides. Wind tunnel experiments revealed that the hill gap and wind velocity are important factors in the formation of these dunes. Sand shadow dunes formed only when the gap spacing is two-thirds of the hill height. When wind velocities are 20 m/s, the sand body is divided into two parts. The hill pass allows the transport of sand by wind, creating a "narrow-pipe effect", which causes the transported material to gradually accumulate in the center of the shadow zone. We observed that the following are needed for sand shadow dunes to form:(1) strong winds, sufficient sand, suitable obstacles and a dry climate;(2) one or both sides of the obstacle forming the shadow zone must have a hill pass; and(3) the windward side of the obstacle must have a wide, flat area, providing adequate spacing for wind flow and transport of material and the leeward side must have a sufficiently broad, flat area to allow the release of the transported material. Research results on these newly discovered dunes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau could contribute to the understanding of dune geomorphology.     

Changes of forest fire regime and landscape pattern under different harvesting modes in a boreal forest of Northeast China

Forest management such as timber harvesting shapes fire regimes and landscape patterns, and these patterns often differ significantly from those under natural disturbances. Our objective was to examine the effects of timber harvesting modes on fire regimes and landscape patterns in a boreal forest of Northeast China. We used a spatially explicit landscape model, LANDIS, to simulate the changes of forest landscape in the Huzhong forest region of the Great Khingan Mountains under no-cutting, clear-cutting, gradual-cutting and selective-cutting modes. Results showed that:(1) the fine fuel loadings generally decreased while the coarse fuel loadings increased with the increase of timber harvesting intensity;(2) the potential burn area significantly varied among different cutting modes, but the potential fire frequency had no obvious difference. Moreover, timber harvesting generally increased the potential fire risk;(3) clear-cutting mode significantly decreased the mean patch size and the aggregation of larch forests and increased the mean patch size and the aggregation of white birch forests. Therefore, clear-cutting mode should be abandoned, and selective-cutting mode be recommended for the sustainable forest management in the Great Khingan Mountains.     

不同灌溉方式对巨型塑料大棚环境因子的影响

为探讨灌溉方式对巨型塑料大棚环境因子的影响,采用膜下滴灌、膜下沟灌、裸露沟灌3种处理,研究了不同灌溉方式对棚内空气相对湿度、结露时间、土壤水分、棚内气温以及地温的综合效应。测试结果表明：与裸露沟灌相比,膜下沟灌、膜下滴灌均可降低棚内的相对湿度,其中膜下滴灌的降湿效果优于膜下沟灌;不同时刻、不同天气下的降湿效果不同,表现为白天的降湿效果优于夜晚,晴天的降湿效果好于阴天;膜下滴灌与膜下沟灌可以降低棚内的结露时间,提升棚内的气温与10cm地温,增加土壤含水量。     

作物残茬与生物篱组合对减轻土壤风蚀的作用

为了探究中国北方农牧交错带冬春风蚀季节生物篱与作物残茬组合对间作裸露秋翻地的防护作用,采用风蚀圈和野外移动式风洞试验的方法对研究区土壤风蚀情况进行监测,利用PC-3型自动气象站进行风速测定。结果表明,油葵秆生物篱减小了间作裸地近地面风速,提高了地表粗糙度;从防风蚀效果看草谷子茬优于油葵秆生物篱;在距油葵秆生物篱或草谷子茬下风向裸地不同位置处,土壤风蚀量基本呈先增加后减小的单峰曲线变化趋势,在4 m左右土壤风蚀量最大,在篱和茬的双重保护下,距茬5 m处发生了风积现象;土壤风蚀量降低率基本呈“V”字型分布;土壤风蚀模数随风速增大而增加,在生物篱的保护下5～15 m/s风速时土壤风蚀降低率为5.03%～20.53%。因此,油葵秆生物篱具有防风蚀作用,而且与草谷子残茬组合对间作裸地会起到更好的固土防蚀作用。     

Safety Assessment of Circular Arches Tunnel Evacuation on Surrounding Geotechnical Environment

Based on the stochastic medium theory, influence on the surrounding rock and soil by tunnel excavation was studied. formula for predicting movement and deformation of rock and soil mass caused by tunnelling were deduced. And especially for the tunnel with circular arch section, half analytic solution for this problem was put forward. Furthermore, a program was developed to compute the movement and deformation of the rock and soil mass resulted from excavation. The deformation failure criterion of stochastic medium for estimating the surroundings safety was provided and was applied in an engineering example, which proved that the results of the research were reasonable and significant for the tunnel safety construction.     

Experimental Analysis of Construction Time Space Effect for Large Span and Flat Multi Arch Tunnel

For the large span and flat, together with the interaction effect of construction and disturbance of surrounding rock, the mechanical of large span and flat multi arch tunnel is very complicated, and the time space effect is different from that of two lane multi arch tunnel or separated tunnel. Adopting the “CTSSSRH”, the 3 D dynamic process of the tunnel construction was simulated. Analyzing the rule of surrounding rock displacement and stress with excavation, the time space effect of large span and flat multi arch tunnel was proposed.     

Analysis of the distorted scaling factor in wind tunnel modeling of power transmission line system

Because of the limitation of the model making and the existing wind tunnel’s size, it is difficult to keep the line and tower in the same scaling factor in developing the aeroelastic model of the power transmission lines system, and a distorted scaling factor is needed in span length of the lines. With the instance of a 1 000 kV two circuit power transmission lines, the finite element analysis under the along wind load in time history is conducted with keeping the tower in the same and the line scaling factor being 1, 0.5 and 0.25 respectively. The results show that the response of the power transmission lines systems keep in the same, and then the wind induced vibration of the distorted model in the wind tunnel test can actually reflect the response of the power transmission lines system under the wind load.     

Influence of Construction Defect on the Performance of Lining in Hydraulic Tunnels

In the construction of hydraulic tunnel, the engineering quality problem is often caused by concrete cracks and insufficient thickness of roof lining. This problem attracted great attention of the most engineers that whether the structure performance of this kind of lining can meet the design criteria or not, especially under unfavorable conditions. Based on the on site inspections of the lining defects in Baishanzui tunnels, the model and size of the defects are analyzed with FLAC program. The study shows that the defects have obvious adverse influence on the stability and safety of the tunnel lining, however, if a backfilling grouting is carried out and the cracks are repaired, the integrality of lining is restored, the behavior of lining will be improved and can meet the design criteria as well.      

我国塑料大棚的类型及特点

塑料大棚是在塑料中、小拱棚基础上发展起来的以塑料薄膜为透光覆盖材料,以竹、木、水泥与钢筋混合柱为骨架材料的温室,具有结构简单、建造和拆装方便、一次性投资少等优点,在缓解蔬菜淡季供求矛盾方面发挥着特殊的作用。介绍塑料大棚的类型及结构,并与中、小型拱棚及日光温室相比较,论述塑料大棚的特点,为设施农业发展提供技术参考。     

溪洛渡水电站无压泄洪洞衬砌混凝土秋季施工温控方案优选

为研究溪洛渡水电站无压泄洪洞秋季施工的温控防裂问题,运用三维有限元法模拟施工过程与温控措施,通过改变混凝土表面的热对流系数来模拟洒水、流水养护的影响,采用直接法模拟冷却水管的作用。运用ANSYS软件对1.0m厚衬砌混凝土秋季施工的5种工况,包括基本工况、基本工况加洒水养护、恒温流水养护、加洒水及恒温流水养护、无通水冷却,进行了仿真计算。通过比较相应工况中特定断面的表面点在不同时间的温度应力值和抗裂安全系数,得出结论:洒水能够有效降低拉应力;常温流水会加大内表温差;通水冷却有效降低最高温度,但应力改善效果不明显。秋季浇筑混凝土,早期宜洒水和通水冷却,后期恒温流水养护,这样能够有效避免温度裂缝的产生。