绿洲灌区固定道耕作对土壤盐分动态的影响

解决节水灌溉与控制土壤次生盐渍化的矛盾,对干旱内陆绿洲灌区农田节水、防止土壤次生盐渍化和保证绿洲农业稳定持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以传统翻耕(CT)、垄作沟灌(FRB)、固定道保护性耕作(PRB)和固定道平作(ZT)4种耕作方式为研究对象,研究了固定道耕作模式下的土壤盐分特征。结果表明:与播前相比,收获后FRB处理0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm土层土壤含盐量分别提高83.3%、77.2%、47.6%和84.0%,PRB处理分别提高62.6%、46.3%、28.2%和103.6%。ZT和CT处理0~200 cm土壤含盐量呈"脱盐"和"聚盐"交替变化趋势,0~60 cm各土层土壤含盐量随灌水显著降低,而60~200 cm各土层土壤含盐量随灌水显著增加。0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层是PRB和FRB处理土壤盐分的主要累积区,ZT和CT处理土壤含盐量随灌水最终积累在100~160 cm土层。从头水后至收获各个时期,PRB处理0~200 cm各土层土壤含盐量均高于FRB处理,且差异显著。ZT处理0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm土层土壤含盐量均显著高于CT处理。垄床不同位置土壤盐分运动水平方向上均呈"垄边向垄中"迁移特点,但PRB处理迁移能力强于FRB处理。垂直方向上,FRB处理在土壤60~80 cm处形成积盐峰,而PRB处理在土壤40~60 cm处形成积盐峰。随灌溉水分入渗再分布后FRB处理土壤盐分向垄沟中部和垄床表层迁移,PRB处理土壤盐分在垄床40~60 cm土层处形成一个积盐层。结果说明,垄作方式能显著增加土壤剖面盐分累积。随着垄作年限增加,盐分向垄床中部积累的能力和含量均增强,由此垄作种植应考虑适时漫灌以达到淋洗土壤盐分的目的。     

Effect of presowing seed treatments on germination and early seedling growth of wheat varieties under saline conditions

The effect of presowing wheat seed treatments was investigated for the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver and relatively salt-tolerant variety PARI-73 at the germination and early seedling stages. Seeds were treated with distilled water (DW) or 10/50 mm KCl, KNO₃ , CaCl₂, Ca(NO₃)₂ and then germinated in DW or 200 mm NaCl. Treatment with calcium (Ca) or potassium (K) did not lead to a significantly higher rate for final germination than the DW treatment. Ca salt treatments significantly improved shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage in both varieties, especially in the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver. There were significant differences in the Ca content of seeds after various presowing treatments. There were also significant differences between both varieties in the ion contents after seed treatment. However, these differences appeared to be related to the improvement of shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage and not to the effectiveness of pres owing seed treatments in increasing germination.     

覆膜滴灌条件下棉花根层土壤盐分时间稳定性研究

为揭示膜下滴灌棉田主根区土壤盐分的时间变异特性,基于2013—2014年田间实测数据,采用变异系数、平均相对偏差和标准差等方法研究了不同土层土壤盐分的时间稳定性,并进一步确定了可以反映各土层土壤平均含盐量的代表性测点。结果表明,研究区域0~40 cm土层土壤盐分随时间序列的变异性只有少数几个测点属于强变异,其余均属于中等变异;在棉花主根层(40 cm)内,土壤盐分的时间稳定性随土层深度增加呈现先增强后略微减弱趋势,在30 cm土层深度稳定性最强,平均相对偏差浮动范围最小、且其平均标准差最小;反映各土层平均含盐量的代表测点分布较为集中,可选取代表地块对区域土壤含盐量进行估算(决定系数R2为0.791 2~0.917 1)。棉田主根层土壤盐分时间稳定性研究有利于指导田间灌溉;选取少量且具有代表性的测点可为区域合理布设土壤盐分监测点提供理论依据。     

咸淡水轮灌对土壤盐分和作物产量的影响研究

通过对100 cm深度土壤的盐分分布状况以及作物产量进行分析,结果表明,3 g/L的微咸水可以作为小麦和玉米的灌溉用水,但连续使用会导致土壤发生积盐,组合灌溉最好采用咸淡交替的方式;综合土壤的积盐状况和作物产量分析,淡淡咸的组合灌溉顺序为最优方案。     

INFLUENCE OF SALINITY AND AMMONIUM: NITRATE RATIO ON GROWTH,PHOTOSYNTHESIS, FATTY ACID AND THE ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDATIVE ENZYMES IN CANOLA

The effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity (0 and 200 mM) and ammonium (NH₄):nitrate (NO₃) ratios (100:0, 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25) on growth, photosynthesis, fatty acids and the activity of antioxidative enzymes were investigated in canola plants. Leaf area and fresh and dry weights of leaves were significantly reduced by the salinity. The reduction in vegetative characteristics varied in both salinized and unsalinized plants according to the NH₄:NO₃ ratios so that the lowest reduction was observed with the 50:50 (NH₄:NO₃) ratio. Increased NH₄ up to 50 percent (50:50) of total N, promotes the yield at both salinized and unsalinized plants. In both salinized and unsalinized plants, the increased NH₄ and NO₃ ratio in the nutrient solution reduced the photosynthetic (Pn) rate and stomatal conductance; however, the reduction in Pn rate was severely impaired at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the nutrient solution. In both salinized and unsalinized plants, the 75:25 ratio had the lowest potassium (K) and sodium (Na) content; however, the K/Na ratio was the highest in 50:50 ratio. An increase of NH₄ in the solution led to a significant increase in NH₄ content in both salinized and unsalinized plants. Salinity increased NH₄ content so that the salinized plant had nearly twice as high NH₄ content in the leaves. The activity of nitrate reductase was increased by increasing NH₄ from 0 to 50% and then reduced at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the solution. The activities of antioxidative enzymes increased in salinized plants regardless of the NH₄:NO₃ ratios. In salinized plants, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes were increased by 44.4 % and 97.5%, respectively. Within salinized and unsalinized treatments, the highest activities of all antioxidant were observed in 75:25 ratio, while they remained unchanged for all NH₄:NO₃ ratios. The increased NH₄ content in the solution increased the oil content and the maximum oil content in both salinized and unsalinized plant was obtained in both 50:50 and 75:25 ratios. The percentage of oleic acid was affected by both salinity and NH₄:NO₃ ratios. The ratios of NH₄:NO₃ had no effect on the protein content; however, salinity reduced the protein content by 20%.     

新疆安集海灌区膜下滴灌棉田根系层土壤盐分多尺度空间分布特征

明晰土壤盐渍化空间分布特征是盐碱地改良的基础.与单一尺度相比,嵌套多尺度研究可更好地分析土壤盐分的空间变异结构特征,更精确地表达盐渍化程度的自相关随尺度的变化情况.采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,通过野外实地分层采集土样,分析了4 km、500 m和100 m三个嵌套尺度条件下,新疆安集海灌区膜下滴灌棉田根系层土...     

Oceanographic influences on the distribution of Baltic cod, Gadus morhua, during spawning in the Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is a stratified, semienclosed sea typified by a low-salinity surface layer and a deep saline layer of varying volume, salinity, temperature and oxygen concentration. The relationships between these oceanographic factors and the distribution of Baltic cod are presented, utilizing results from a survey carried out during the 1995 spawning period in the Bornholm Basin, at present the main spawning area of this stock. Cod distribution, abundance and population structure were estimated from hydroacoustic and trawl data and related to hydrographic parameters as well as to bottom depth. In the central basin, cod were aggregated in an intermediate layer about 15 m thick. This area of peak abundance was defined at its upper limit by the halocline and at the lower limit by oxygen content. The majority of individuals caught in the basin centre were in spawning or pre-spawning condition with a high proportion of males to females. On the basin slopes, aggregations of cod were found near the bottom. These individuals were mainly immature and maturing stages with an increasing proportion of females to males with size. Salinity and oxygen conditions were found to be the major factors influencing the vertical and horizontal distribution of adult cod. Abundance of immature cod was also positively related to decreasing bottom depths. The effect of temperature was minor. The observed size- and sex-dependent spawning aggregation patterns, in association with habitat volume and stock size, may influence cod catchability and thereby the assessment and exploitation patterns of this stock.     

Agricultural Polymers Revisited: Salinity Interactions and Soil-Water Conservation

A synthetic superabsorbent polymer used to improve water-holding capacity of soils was investigated. Two water qualities, two irrigation intervals, and two application rates were administered to 24 treated soil columns. Polymer absorbance of water was proportional with time but inversely proportional to salinity levels. After a threshold period, which was longer for the lower water application rate, cumulative evaporation (E = √ct) increased with decrease in irrigation interval and the type of amendments added in order of control > peat moss > the absorbent copolymer. The value of c was largely determined by the water application rate and the type of the soil amendment. Salt and moisture distributions were governed by the amount of water conserved. Peat moss was more effective in leaching salts. The quantity of water applied per irrigation, rather than cumulative amount, seemed to affect water conservation, whereas the cumulative amount of water affected electrical conductivity–sodium absorption ratio (EC-SAR) distributions.     

Interactive Effects of Salinity and ZnO Nanoparticles on Physiological and Molecular Parameters of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Salinity is considered as the main factor limiting the yield of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. There are still many uncertainties about the nanotechnology and its potential applications, as well as doubts about its efficacy and safety in the long term. The aim of this study was to examine the alleviative effects of ZnO NPs (nanoparticles) (0, 20 and 80 mgL^?1) on toxicity damage caused by NaCl (0, 50 and 100 mM) at physiological and molecular parameters in Rapeseed. Rapeseed plants were treated at the rosette stage by different levels of salinity and ZnO NPs based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. At the physiological level, salinity stress significantly increased root ion leakage and decreased relative water content (RWC), stomata density and Hill reaction while application of ZnO NPs improved Hill reaction, and reduced ion leakage. At the molecular level, salinity stress significantly reduced the expression of ARP, MYC and SKRD2 genes compared to non-stressed plants while MPK4 gene expression increased under a high level of NaCl imposition. Foliar spraying of ZnO NPs considerably decreased the expression of MYC, MPK4, and SKRD2 genes and increased the expression of the ARP gene. It can be concluded that ZnO NPs had the ability to reduce the toxicity created under salinity stress at the optimal concentration (20 mgL^?1) in rapeseed and could play an important role in increasing the resistance of rapeseed plants to salinity stress.     

盐分胁迫条件下冬小麦根系吸水模型的构建与验证

为了验证盐分胁迫条件下根系吸水与根氮质量之间的关系,同时对盐分胁迫修正因子的参数进行优化,该研究通过布置田间试验,对冬小麦平均根系吸水速率分布进行了估算,并对其与根氮质量密度之间的关系进行了分析,结果表明,田间试验条件下,冬小麦最大根系吸水速率与根氮质量密度仍呈线性正比关系。在此基础上,建立了盐分胁迫条件下基于根氮质量密度分布的根系吸水模型,并对其中盐分胁迫修正因子中的参数进行了优化,进而对咸水灌溉条件下冬小麦的根系吸水规律进行了模拟,其结果与利用反求方法估算得到平均根系吸水速率分布吻合较好,表明盐分胁迫条件下,冬小麦根系吸水与根氮质量之间的线性正比关系仍然成立,并可用于优化盐分胁迫修正因子,从而建立相关的根系吸水模型。