黑土不同耕层厚度对玉米根系形态空间分布及其产量的影响

在重建不同厚度黑土层的定位模拟试验区开展免耕玉米大豆轮作试验,设3个黑土耕层厚度(10、20和30 cm),探究不同耕层厚度对玉米生育期间的根系形态及其产量影响。研究表明,玉米产量对不同耕层厚度反应敏感,30 cm耕层厚度处理玉米产量最高,比20 cm和10 cm耕层厚度显著高12.5%和24.1%,且玉米根系分布对耕层厚度响应差异明显。30 cm耕层厚度显著影响玉米0～10 cm土层根重密度,对10～30 cm土层根重密度及不同土层根长密度和比根长影响不明显。     

保护性耕作技术与机具研究进展

保护性耕作技术主要包括免少耕播种、秸秆残茬管理及表土耕作技术等。在回顾分析国内外保护性耕作技术应用概况、技术模式和效应的基础上,重点阐述了秸秆残茬管理、表土耕作技术与机具、免少耕播种关键技术的工作原理、技术特点及发展动态。结合国内保护性耕作研究进展与应用需求,在分析归纳现阶段保护性耕作技术难点的基础上,从改进机具关键作业部件加工工艺与材料、加强基础理论研究与机具结构优化、提升机具智能化测控与信息化管理、实现农机与农艺结合和形成因地适宜保护性耕作技术体系等方面展望了未来研究方向。     

上海市杨浦区表土重金属污染的磁学响应

[目的]揭示上海市杨浦区土壤重金属污染情况,为环境磁学在城市表土重金属污染的应用提供科学依据。[方法]结合磁学方法与传统化学方法,对杨浦区5个功能区内的17个表土样品进行磁学特征和重金属浓度的分析。[结果]杨浦区表土磁化率值平均值为2.42×10~(-6) m~3/kg,磁性特征以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主导,颗粒较粗。除频率磁化率外,磁学参数整体呈现工业区与交通区值较高的特点;重金属Zn,Pb,Cu,Cr浓度值高于背景值,且高值集中在工业区、交通区、居住区,污染负荷指数(PLI)的值为1.962,属于轻度污染。除工业区外,各功能区之间重金属含量与磁学参数的相关性较好(p0.05),磁化率(χlf)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)、硬剩磁(HIRM)对杨浦区表土重金属含量有良好的指示作用。[结论]环境磁学方法可以快速简便地提供城市污染信息。     

玉米冠层耕层协调优化及其高产高效技术

密植是挖掘玉米高产潜力的主要途径。然而,密植倒伏和早衰问题长期制约着玉米密植高产的潜力挖掘,特别在东北和黄淮海地区问题更加突出。为此,本研究明确了密植倒伏、早衰、产量低的原因是冠层耕层的不协调,提出了冠层耕层同步优化的高产高效技术途径,构建了技术体系,主要包括:(1)以产量性能为核心的冠层分析体系及其定量指标和动态监测系统;(2)以土壤与根系合理空间分布为指导的“深耕层、降容重、匀分布、培地力”的耕层优化体系;(3)冠层生产力与耕层供给力协同优化分析体系。在此基础上,创新了多种关键技术,包括:(1)以改耕层促冠层为核心的“改方式、改时间、培地力”的深松耕作关键技术;(2)以改冠层提耕层为核心的“抗倒、抗冷、防衰”的化控技术;(3)以调冠层保耕层为核心的“调行距、调耕作、调肥水”相结合的密植技术。在关键技术创新的基础上,通过技术集成,构建了“深耕层一密冠层”、“控株型一促根系”及“培地力一高肥效”的不同方式的3项密植高产高效技术模式,在东北春玉米、黄淮海夏玉米密植高产中,创造了高产典型,而且在大面积高产高效方面取得了显著成效。     

黄土高原沟壑区坡耕地表层土壤抗剪强度影响因素分析

以淳化坡耕地为研究对象,在人工模拟降雨条件下,设计降雨强度分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mm/min,降雨历时40 min,设计坡度分别为5°、8°、11°、15°、20°,分析了影响黄土高原沟壑区坡耕地表层土壤抗剪强度的3个主要因素:含水量、雨强及坡度.结果表明,降雨结束后,随着表层土壤含水量的降低,抗剪强度会随之增加,相关性较好;雨强对抗剪强度影响不大;坡度较小时抗剪强度会随坡度增加而降低,当坡度增加到15°以上时,随坡度增加抗剪强度随之增加.     

Current control methods for diamondback moth and other brassica insect pests and the prospects for improved management with lepidopteran-resistant Bt vegetable brassicas in Asia and Africa

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), remains a major pest of brassica crops worldwide. DBM has been estimated globally to cost US$ 1 billion in direct losses and control costs. Chemical control of this pest remains difficult due to the rapid development of resistance to insecticides and to their effect on natural enemies. These problems are especially severe in South Asia and Africa where lack of knowledge, limited access to newer and safer insecticides, and a favourable climate result in DBM remaining a serious year-round pest which substantially increases the cost and uncertainty of crop production. Despite these problems, application of synthetic insecticides remains overwhelmingly the most common control strategy. Biologically-based efforts to control DBM in Africa and Asia have focused strongly on parasitoid introductions. However, despite the identification and deployment of promising parasitoids in many regions, these efforts have had limited impact, often because farmers continue early-season spraying of broad-spectrum insecticides that are lethal to parasitoids and thus exacerbate DBM outbreaks. A significant driver for this pattern of insecticide use is the presence of aphids and other pests whose appearance initiates inappropriate spraying. Despite often extensive training of producers in farmer field schools, many growers seem loath to discard calendar or prophylactic spraying of insecticides. The introduction of an IPM technology that could replace the use of broad-spectrum insecticides for DBM and other key Lepidoptera is crucial if the benefits of parasitoid introduction are to be fully realised. The deployment of DBM-resistant brassicas expressing proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis could help to break this cycle of insecticide misuse and crop loss, but their deployment should be part of an integrated pest management (IPM) package, which recognises the constraints of farmers while addressing the requirement to control other Lepidoptera, aphids and other secondary pests.     

The role of the mineral component in surface stabilization processes of a disturbed desert sandy surface

The stabilization of sandy and loamy surfaces in semiarid and arid areas by topsoil crusts protecting the soil against wind or runoff erosion is well known. Destruction of such crusts, often by overgrazing, can enhance erosion and desertification. Crust recovery does not depend purely on biotic components of the crust and vegetation. Mineral components in the initial surface stabilization process are often overlooked. The present study focuses on the relative importance of the biotic and mineral components in the process of topsoil crust recovery in a sandy desert area located in the northwestern Negev Desert of Israel. Observations of the initial crust and of the disturbed surface, in the field and under the scanning electron microscope, showed that the mineral components of the crust recovered more quickly than its biotic elements. The implications for the rehabilitation of the disturbed ecosystem are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同耕层结构对海南香蕉地砖红壤物理特性的影响

短周期的香蕉种植方式结合传统的香蕉地翻耕、旋耕模式导致香蕉田土壤耕作层以下不断压实并形成犁底层,而深松可打破坚硬的犁底层,提高水分利用效率,有利于作物根系的生长发育.为探明不同深松模式耕层构造对海南香蕉地砖红壤物理特性的影响,在海南大学香蕉试验田设置了全虚耕层构造(Q1)、全实耕层构造(Q2)、虚实并存耕层构造(Q3)...     

Efficacy of reduced rate fumigant alternatives and methyl bromide against soilborne pathogens and weeds in western forest nurseries

Preplant soil fumigation is commonly used to control soilborne pathogens and weeds in forest seedling nurseries of Oregon and Washington. However, lower chemical inputs are desired to meet state and federal application regulations, to minimize buffer zone size requirements, and to help protect the environment. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the efficacy of three reduced rate soil fumigants under totally impermeable film (TIF) in managing soilborne diseases and weeds, and to determine if combined applications of up to four biocontrol agents improved soilborne disease control. Reduced rates of methyl bromide, metam sodium, and 1,3-dichloropropene, all applied in combination with chloropicrin, were effective in decreasing soil populations of Pythium and Fusarium as well as the presence of Pythium in root debris from the previous crop. The roots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings transplanted into each fumigant treatment were also colonized less by Pythium and Fusarium than those transplanted into nonfumigated control plots. However, biocontrol treatments were not effective against either pathogen. Weed biomass and weeding times were also significantly reduced by fumigation. Application costs were similar for all three fumigant treatments, but seedling size was largest from the methyl bromide and metam sodium treatments followed by the 1,3-dichloropropene treatment. Based on the results of this study, reduced rates of methyl bromide, metam sodium, and 1,3-dichloropropene show promise in managing soilborne diseases and weeds in forest nurseries.