不同打顶留杈方法对早花烟株产量及质量性状的影响

探讨不同打顶留杈方法对早花烟株产量及质量性状的影响。以烤烟品种云烟97为材料,采取留杈叶位与打顶方式双因子设计,打顶方式为扣心打顶、现蕾打顶和初花打顶,留杈叶位为倒一叶、倒二叶和倒三叶,以不打顶作为对照(CK),共设10个处理。结果表明,现蕾打顶倒二叶留杈烟株生长发育良好,平均产量、产值、均价、中上等烟比例最高,外观质量良好,化学成分更趋于协调,感官质量总分最高。现蕾打顶倒二叶留杈有效降低早花对烟株的影响,是出现早花现象后对烟株产量和质量的有效弥补措施。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

水氮运筹对化学封顶棉花二次生长的影响

【目的】研究水氮运筹对化学封顶棉花二次生长形态及发生规律,优化水肥调控结合化学封顶技术,有效控制棉花二次生长,为塑造棉花株型、调控采收的吐絮时间奠定理论与技术基础。【方法】以新陆早57号为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,主区为施氮(纯 N)量,设3个施氮(纯 N)水平:N1、N2、N3分别为150、300、450 kg/hm²,副区为灌溉量,设3个灌水水平:W1、W2、W3分别为3 000 、4 500、6 000 m³/hm²。分析水氮处理对化学封顶棉花二次生长前后农艺性状、干物质积累及产量和纤维品质的影响。【结果】灌水量增加延长棉花生育期,增加棉花植株株高、果枝数、二次生长率;施氮量(是)控制棉花干物质和产量形成因素。灌水处理为4 500和6 000 m³/hm²时,化学封顶棉花株高和果枝台数较高,易发生二次生长;施氮量在300 kg/hm²时,产量及其构成均高于其他。水氮处理组合以处理N2W2、N2W3表现较优,产量分别为6 349.21、6 203.54 kg/hm²。【结论】对化学打顶棉花,适当水氮运筹可控制棉花二次生长现象,且对棉花产量及品质无显著影响。     

不同打顶剂对棉花干物质及产量品质的影响

【目的】比较研究氟节胺与未推广的促化王棉花打顶剂在新疆南疆的应用效果。【方法】2020年选用新疆南疆推广的新陆中37号、新陆中70号与新陆中82号3个棉花品种,设置人工打顶(CK)、氟节胺和促化王3个主处理。采用二因素裂区设计,主区为2个打顶剂处理(氟节胺复配缩节胺,促化王塑型剂与打顶剂配合喷施)与人工打顶(CK),副区为3个棉花品种,3次重复。【结果】各主处理下生殖器官在9月3日的占比比较,喷施氟节胺的占比最高,促化王处理下的最低;各主处理下营养器官在9月3日分配系数的占比比较,喷施促化王的占比最高,喷施氟节胺的最低。主处理间对比：促化王处理下的新陆中70号籽棉产量较其他品种最高,其余两品种棉花均在氟节胺处理下最高;新陆中37号在氟节胺处理下衣分最高,其余两品种棉花均在促化王处理下衣分最高,人工打顶处理下的3个品种衣分均为最低。比较各主处理下的品质指标,氟节胺处理下棉纤维的上半部均长与断裂比强度最优,马克隆值与伸长率最差;促化王处理下棉纤维的长度整齐度与黄度最优,比强度最差;人工打顶处理下棉纤维的马克隆值与伸长率最优,上半部均长、长度整齐度与黄度最差。【结论】喷施氟节胺处理下的生殖器...     

缩节胺复配打顶剂对机采棉株型塑造和棉铃分布的影响

【目的】研究缩节胺复配打顶剂对机采棉株型塑造和棉铃分布的影响。【方法】2021年以新陆中88号为材料,采用双因素裂区试验设计,因素为缩节胺和打顶处理,缩节胺2个水平,喷施缩节胺(H₁)和不喷施缩节胺(H₀);打顶3个水平,打顶剂喷施(D₁)、人工打顶(D₂)和不打顶(D₃)。研究缩节胺复配打顶剂对棉花株高、主茎日增长量、茎粗、主茎节间数、节间长度、果枝数、果枝长度干物质积累与分配及产量构成的影响。【结果】随着缩节胺的喷施,棉花株高、主茎日增长量、果枝长度、果枝夹角及株宽呈降低趋势,打顶剂喷施可以抑制棉花顶部的生长,并起到免打顶的作用。缩节胺复配打顶剂可以塑造适宜机采的棉花株型。缩节胺复配打顶剂可以更好的将棉花的生殖生长向营养生长转移,增加棉花营养器官的重量,提高棉花的产量。喷施缩节胺处理伏前桃个数显著高于处理不喷施缩节胺处理,增幅为43.3%。各打顶处理间伏前桃个数无显著差异。各处理的伏桃个数以打顶剂喷施处理最高,不打顶处理最低,棉花的秋桃个数以不打顶处理最低,人工打顶处理最高...     

电动烟草打顶抑芽机控制系统研究

对一种电动烟草打顶抑芽机的控制系统进行了设计研究。该控制系统的主控芯片为PIC18F13K22,输入信号主要包括剪刀位置信号、喷药量调节信号、电池电压信号和工作开关信号。其中,剪刀位置检测采用霍尔传感器,输出控制信号主要控制电机、电磁阀、蜂鸣器及指示灯,电机采用控制芯片MC33886进行控制。对该机械喷药量的准确性进行了试验测试,验证了机械的精准性,其平均偏差为2.26%。该设计实现了电动烟草打顶抑芽机的半自动化,有效提高了烟草打顶抑芽的工作效率及质量,进一步推动了烟草农业机械化进程。     

农作物打顶机夹持打顶机构的设计与试验

目前,我国烟草、棉花打顶主要依靠人工,存在劳动强度大和效率低的缺点;现有的机械打顶主要采取割刀向前滚动切割的方式,存在打顶不精确、烟花无法收集等弊端。针对这些问题,设计了一种夹持打顶机构,主要由左右扶禾器、夹持皮带、浮动张紧轮、浮动张紧轮摆动铰链、切割刀、弹簧、直流夹持电机和割刀电机组成。该机构可实现烟芽的收拢、夹持切割、割刀消毒及抑芽剂喷施等作业,具有结构紧凑、功能齐全的优点。同时,通过烟草茎秆切割力学特性试验,得出剪切规律,为烟草打顶切割力的研究提供了试验依据。田间试验结果表明:该机构打顶准确率为97%,夹持准确率为98%,能够满足使用要求。     

南疆棉区棉花利用氟节胺打顶技术试验

为探讨南疆棉区棉花化学打项技术,以减轻棉花栽培的劳动强度,作者于2013年在新疆生产建设兵团第三师农业科学研究所试验基地,利用烟草抑芽剂氟节胺进行棉花化学打顶试验。结果表明：施用氟节胺处理与对照相比,在一定程度上可有效控制棉株的生长;其产量略低于对照,株高高于对照,果枝层数增加,但空果枝数、脱落数增多;绒长变短,不孕籽率增多,单铃重量轻。     

化学打顶对阿拉尔垦区主栽品种光合冠层的影响

化学打顶是指利用植物生长调节剂来打破作物顶端优势,进而保障作物的正常生长和生产。本文为探究化学打顶对作物的影响,利用摇钱素和棉花打顶剂处理新陆中70和新陆中82不同品种,同时测定不同化学打顶剂处理条件下,棉花的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度及棉花冠层叶面积指数指标。研究发现：不同化学打顶处理条件下,与人工打顶相比化学打顶的棉花的五种指标变化均不明显,但新陆中70和新陆中82品种的净光合速率平均值与对照相比分别高出3 μmol/(m2.s)和2 μmol/(m2.s),且冠层叶面积指数值比人工打顶的略高。试验结果表明化学打顶处理后没有造成棉花疯长,提高了光能利用率,进而增加作物群体的光合作用。     

DPC~+化学封顶对不同施氮量下棉花叶片光合生理特性的影响

在北疆气候条件下,为明确棉花对不同施氮量下增效缩节胺[DPC+,25%甲哌鎓(1,1-dimethylpiperidinium chloride, DPC)水剂]化学封顶效应的响应,以新陆早53号为试验材料,在150(N1)、300(N2)和450(N3) kg hm~(–2)施氮水平下,以人工打顶(P0)为对照,研究DPC+剂量[450(P1)、750(P2)和1050(P3) mL hm~(–2)]对棉花叶绿素含量(Chl)、叶面积(LA)、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数及干物质累积与分配的影响。结果表明,同一DPC+剂量下,随施氮量增加, Chl、LA、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数和生殖器官干物质(RODM)均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;同一施氮量下,上述参数因DPC+剂量不同呈不同变化趋势,其中N1水平下以P1处理、N2水平下以P2处理、N3水平下以P3处理表现出较高的RODM、Chl、净光合速率(Pn)、实际光化学效率(ФPSII)、电子传递速率(ETR),较低的非光化学淬灭(NPQ)。DPC+与施氮量互作表现为,与其他处理相比, Chl、Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、ФPSII、ETR、RODM在N2P2处理下分别提高了15.52%、29.39%、27.97%、36.77%、23.28%、23.55%、8.41%～22.24%, NPQ降低了34.54%。相关分析表明,干物质累积和Chl、LA、Pn、Gs、ФPSII均呈显著正相关,与NPQ呈极显著负相关。因此,在喷施DPC+(750 mL hm~(–2))条件下,适量追施氮肥(300kghm~(–2))能改善棉花光合性能,在增加干物质累积的基础上,促进了光合产物向生殖器官分配。