Technical note: using an automated head chamber system to administer an external marker to estimate fecal output by grazing beef cattle

The objective of this experiment was to determine if titanium dioxide (TiO₂) dosed through an automated head chamber system (GreenFeed; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) is an acceptable method to measure fecal output. The GreenFeed used on this experiment had a 2-hopper bait dispensing system, where hopper 1 contained alfalfa pellets marked with 1% titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and hopper 2 contained unmarked alfalfa pellets. Eleven heifers (BW = 394 ± 18.7 kg) grazing a common pasture were stratified by BW and then randomized to either 1) dosed with TiO₂-marked pellets by hand feeding (HFD; n = 6) or 2) dosed with TiO₂-marked pellets by the GreenFeed (GFFD; n = 5) for 19 d. During the morning (0800), all heifers were offered a pelleted, high-CP supplement at 0.25% of BW in individual feeding stanchions. The HFD heifers also received 32 g of TiO₂-marked pellets at morning feeding, whereas the GFFD heifers received 32 g of unmarked pellets. The GFFD heifers received a single aliquot (32 ± 1.6 g; mean ± SD) of marked pellets at their first visit to the GreenFeed each day with all subsequent 32-g aliquots providing unmarked pellets; HFD heifers received only unmarked pellets. Starting on d 15, fecal samples were collected via rectal grab at feeding and every 12 h for 5 d. A two-one sided t-test method was used to determine agreement and it was determined that the fecal output estimates by HFD and GFFD methods were similar (P = 0.04). There was a difference (P < 0.01; Bartlett’s test for homogenous variances) in variability between the dosing methods for HFD and GFFD (SD = 0.1 and 0.7, respectively). This difference in fecal output variability may have been due to variability of dosing times-of-day for the GFFD heifers (0615 ± 6.2 h) relative to the constant dosing time-of-day for HFD and constant 0800 and 2000 sampling times-of-day for all animals. This research has highlighted the potential for dosing cattle with an external marker through a GreenFeed configured with two (or more) feed hoppers because estimated fecal output means were similar; however, consideration of the increased variability of the fecal output estimates is needed for future experimental designs.     

施用水溶性螯合肥对章丘大葱生物性状及 品质的影响

本研究通过田间试验,研究了螯合肥施用与常规施肥对章丘大葱生物性状和营养品质的影响。结果表明,施用相同肥料用量的螯合肥处理的章丘大葱生物量在8、9和10月时明显要高于常规施肥和对照,在11月份收获时产量没有差异;不同时期收获时大葱的株高和葱白均明显高于常规施肥。施用螯合肥比常规施肥处理明显提高了章丘大葱的营养品质,不仅可以提高葱白的维生素C含量,而且还可以降低葱白的硝酸盐含量。因此,在相同肥料用量的情况下,施用螯合肥处理要明显优于常规施肥,通过改变传统用肥种类可以提高大葱的品质。     

二氧化钛对鱼皮明胶纳米可食膜理化及保鲜性能的影响

本研究将相对于明胶含量分别为30 ∶1、20 ∶1和10 ∶1的二氧化钛（TiO2）添加到鱼皮明胶（Fish skin gelatin, FSG）中,开发出一系列TiO2-FSG抗菌纳米可食膜,并对其机械性能、阻隔性能和保鲜性能进行比较分析。结果表明：成膜液组分中TiO2的含量越高,TiO2与FSG的相互作用越强,导致可食膜的厚度和断裂伸长率逐渐增大,外观颜色变白,抗拉强度、水溶性和水蒸气透过系数逐渐降低。二氧化钛-鱼皮明胶可食膜对李斯特菌（Listeria monocytogenes）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureas）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）和铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）具有显著性抑制作用,尤其是对革兰氏阳性菌的抑制效果明显,对冷藏猪肉具有良好的保鲜效果。二氧化钛-鱼皮明胶可食膜在食品保鲜包装方面具有巨大的应用潜力。     

包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁对夏季蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄中微量元素 量及血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁及其交互作用对夏季产蛋高峰期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄中微量元素含量以及血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响.试验采用2×4双因子完全随机试验设计,其中饲粮中包膜酸化剂设2个添加水平,小肽螯合铁设4个添加水平.选用576只38周龄健康罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分成8个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡.A、B、C和D组饲粮分别在基础饲粮中添加0 mg/kg包膜酸化剂以及0(对照组)、0.04％、0.08％和0.12％小肽螯合铁(铁含量分别为0、60、120和180 mg/kg);E、F、G和H组饲粮分别在基础饲粮中添加300 mg/kg包膜酸化剂以及0、0.04％、0.08％和0.12％的小肽螯合铁(铁含量分别为0、60、120和180 mg/kg).预试期l周,正试期6周.结果表明:1)包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁及其交互作用对第3周和第6周蛋鸡的平均日采食量、产蛋率和料蛋比均无显著影响(P＞0.05).G组第3周和第6周的平均日采食量均显著高于对照组和C、D组(P＜0.05);B组第6周的产蛋率显著高于对照组和D、E组(P＜0.05),且料蛋比显著低于D组(P＜0.05).包膜酸化剂对第3周末蛋鸡的蛋重、第6周末的蛋黄指数和哈氏单位有显著影响(P＜0.05);小肽螯合铁对第6周末的蛋黄指数有显著影响(P＜0.05),小肽螯合铁和包膜酸化剂的交互作用对第6周末的蛋黄指数有极显著影响(P＜0.01),对第6周末的哈氏单位有显著影响(P＜0.05).第3周末,G组的蛋重显著高于B组(P＜0.05),G和H组的蛋黄指数显著高于C组(P＜0.05);第6周末,C、D和G组的蛋重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),F组的蛋黄指数显著高于C、D和E组(P＜0.05),E、F和G组的哈氏单位显著高于D组(P＜0.05).2)小肽螯合铁及包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁的交互作用对第3周和第6周末蛋鸡蛋黄中铁元素含量有极显著影响(P＜0.01).B、C、D、F、G和H组第3周和第6周末蛋黄中铁元素含量极显著高于对照组和E组(P＜0.01),且H组第3周末蛋黄中铁元素含量显著高于B和F组(P＜0.05);H组第3周末蛋黄中锌元素含量显著高于F组(P＜0.05),B组第6周末蛋黄中锌元素含量显著高于D组(P＜0.05).3)包膜酸化剂对蛋鸡血清中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性有极显著影响(P＜0.01),对血清丙二醛(MDA)含量有显著影响(P＜0.05);包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁的交互作用对血清T-SOD活性有极显著影响(P＜0.01).C组血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),D、E、F、G和H组血清T-SOD活性极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);B、F和G组血清MDA含量显著低于对照组和E组(P＜0.05).综合考虑,饲粮中单独添加0.04％和0.08％的小肽螯合铁或与300 mg/kg包膜酸化剂复合添加均有利于维持和延长蛋鸡夏季的产蛋高峰期,改善蛋品质,增加蛋中铁元素的富集,增强机体抗氧化能力.     

微波法制备人工养殖鲟鱼皮复合氨基酸螯合锌工艺的研究

本试验采用微波螯合工艺,通过单因素和正交试验研究在不同复合氨基酸与锌的配位比、微波时间、微波功率及反应pH条件下人工养殖鲟鱼皮复合氨基酸螯合锌的制备工艺。结果表明,螯合的最佳工艺为:反应体系pH为8,微波功率为340W,微波时间为10min,氨基酸与七水硫酸锌配位比为2:1,在此条件下复合氨基酸螯合锌产量为0.6172g,螯合率达68.72%。同时,对复合氨基酸螯合锌进行了红外表征及紫外吸收测定,发现复合氨基酸螯合锌的最大紫外吸收波长为215nm。     

Effect of bis-glycinate bound zinc or zinc sulfate on zinc metabolism in growing lambs

To assess the efficacy of bis-glycinate bound Zn, 36 crossbred wethers (34 ± 2 kg) were sorted by body weight into three groups and stagger started on a Zn-deficient diet (18 mg Zn/kg dry matter [DM]; 22.5% neutral detergent fiber [NDF]) for 45 d prior to a 15-d metabolism period (10 d adaptation and 5 d collection). On day 46, lambs were randomly assigned to dietary treatments (four lambs treatment⁻¹group⁻¹): no supplemental Zn (CON) or 15 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM (ZINC) as Zn sulfate (ZS) or bis-glycinate (GLY; Plexomin Zn, Phytobiotics). Blood was collected from all lambs on days 1, 44, 56, and 61. Liver, jejunum, and longissimus dorsi samples were collected after euthanasia on day 61. Gene expression was determined via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = lamb; fixed effects = treatment, group, and breed) and contrast statements assessed the effects of supplemental Zn concentration (ZINC vs. CON) and source (GLY vs. ZS). After 15 d of Zn supplementation, plasma Zn concentrations were greater for ZINC vs. CON and GLY vs. ZS (P ≤ 0.01); tissue Zn concentrations were unaffected (P ≥ 0.27). Liver Cu concentrations were lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.03). Longissimus dorsi Mn concentrations were greater for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.05) and tended to be lesser for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.09). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), and NDF was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P ≤ 0.05); acid detergent fiber digestibility tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.06). Nitrogen retention (g/d) tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.10), and N apparent absorption was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.02). Zinc intake, fecal output, retention, and apparent absorption were greater for ZINC vs. CON (P ≤ 0.01). Apparent absorption of Zn was −5.1%, 12.8%, and 15.0% for CON, ZS, and GLY, respectively. Nitrogen and Zn retention and apparent absorption were not correlated for CON (P ≥ 0.14) but were positively correlated for ZINC (retention: P = 0.02, r = 0.52; apparent absorption: P < 0.01, r = 0.73). Intestinal expression of Zn transporter ZIP4 was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.02). Liver expression of metallothionein-1 (MT1) tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.07). Although Zn apparent absorption did not differ between sources (P = 0.71), differences in post-absorptive metabolism may be responsible for greater plasma Zn concentrations and liver MT1 expression for GLY-supplemented lambs, suggesting improved bioavailability of GLY relative to ZS.     

氨基酸铜在猪生产中的研究与应用

高铜日粮在养猪生产中应用普遍,近些年来对于其危害的报道也比比皆是,氨基酸铜(主要包括复合氨基酸螯合铜、蛋氨酸铜、赖氨酸铜、甘氨酸铜)作为一种有机铜源,其生物利用率高、毒副作用小等特点已经受到国内外越来越多的学者的关注,并进行了大量的试验研究。作者主要综述了氨基酸铜的理化特性,生物学功能及作为一种无机铜的替代产品在养猪生产中的研究与应用。     

测定食品中二氧化钛时产生白色沉淀的原因分析

按照《食品安全国家标准食品中二氧化钛的测定》(GB 5009.246—2016)第二法二安替比林甲烷比色法测定食品中二氧化钛的含量时经常会产生白色沉淀的现象,从而导致测量数据产生较大偏差,并对测试结果准确度产生较大影响。本文分别从混合酸的不同比例、显色剂和助溶剂的用量以及不同消解温度等方面探究分析了白色沉淀产生的原因,提出了解决措施;并使用离子色谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行相应分析,确定了白色沉淀的主要成分为硫酸盐。     

农用柴油机合金抗磨铸铁气缸套的研究

气缸套是发动机的重要摩擦副之一,它的抗磨性能直接影响着发动机的寿命。由于农用柴油机经常处于尘埃较多的场合工作,所以其磨损更快。该文旨在强化气缸套以延长其使用寿命。研究采用在铸铁中加入各种合金元素使其在较软基体上生成高硬度点。这是一种既可保证一定的储油能力减少磨损又因具有硬质点而提高抗磨能力的有效方法。以不同材料配方制造的气缸套进行了热机快磨试验,结果表明该气缸套具有优异的抗磨性能及储油能力,且成本增加不大,是较理想的更新换代产品。     

Reduction of ferric chelate caused by various wood-rot fungi

The reduction of ferric chelate caused by various wood-rot fungi was analyzed. Ferric chelate reductive activity was detected in cell-free extracts of seven wood-rot fungi:Phanerochaete chrysosporium, P. sordida YK-624,Ganoderma sp. YK-505,Coriolus versicolor, Bjerkandera adusta, Tyromyces palustris, andGloeophyllum trabeum. These fungi produced NADPH- or NADH-dependent ferric chelate reductive enzymes (or both) of different molecular weight. In the liquid culture ofP. sordida YK-624 andC. versicolor, a positive correlation was observed between extracellular MnP activity and intracellular NADPH-dependent ferric chelate reductive activity.