Growth of individual tillers and tillering rate of Lolium perenne and Bromus stamineus subjected to two defoliation frequencies in winter in Argentina

The aims of the experiment were to (i) test whether the higher leaf elongation rate per tiller (LER_T) of Bromus stamineus D. than Lolium perenne L. at moderately low temperatures was maintained at high defoliation frequencies and (ii) explore responses in tiller dynamics during the onset of the cool season in the south‐east of the humid Pampas region in Argentina. The following treatments were applied: defoliation frequency at the 3·0‐leaf stage (i.e. one‐leaf lifespan), which is considered optimal, and higher defoliation frequency at the 1·5‐leaf stage (i.e. half‐of‐a‐leaf lifespan). The higher defoliation frequency reduced leaf elongation rate in both the species but it did not affect the leaf appearance rate. This confirms previous studies on several C₃ grasses, suggesting a similar pattern of response. Changes in tiller size are proposed as a possible mechanism to explain such long‐term defoliation effects on leaf elongation rates. Responses in tiller production depended on the species considered. The higher defoliation frequency caused a reduction in site‐filling which led to lower tiller production rates in L. perenne but not in B. stamineus. Thus, B. stamineus maintained the advantage in LER_T over L. perenne and its tiller production was not affected when defoliated at frequencies higher than those considered optimal.     

寒地水稻生长发育动态研究初探

以黑龙江省主栽的两个水稻品种为试验材料,通过调查试验材料的生育期、干物质积累、叶面积变化和分蘖消长动态的测定,明确了拔节至抽穗期是水稻产量形成的关键时期;根据试验材料干物质积累的变化规律建立了干物质随时间变化的生长曲线,经检验拟合较好。     

三种牧草分蘖特性的研究

三种禾本科牧草(苇状羊茅,多年生黑麦草、无芒雀麦)在一年内的生长中分蘖有三个高峰,并且在果后营养期中分率总数为最大值.     

Physiological and Growth Responses of Sugarcane Genotypes to Nitrogen Rate on a Sand Soil

Yields of sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) in FL, USA, are lower on sand soils than on organic (muck) soils. Nitrogen (N) supply may limit sugarcane growth and yields on these sand soils. A 2‐year pot study was conducted to determine sugarcane genotypic variation in response to N rate on a sand soil. Treatments included four N rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha^?1) and three sugarcane genotypes (CP 80‐1743, CP 01‐2390 and TCP 87‐3388). Nitrogen fertilizer was equally split and applied at about 55 and 125 days after planting (DAP) for each treatment. During the experiment, the number of nodes and length of the primary stalks and tillers were recorded. Leaf relative chlorophyll (soil plant analysis development (SPAD)) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) were measured biweekly. All plants were harvested at 183 DAP to measure green leaf area (GLA), shoot biomass accumulation and partitioning, and fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE). Genotypes differed significantly in leaf SPAD, Pn, GLA, and shoot biomass accumulation and partitioning. CP 01‐2390 had the highest leaf Pn and shoot biomass, and CP 80‐1743 had the lowest GLA, shoot biomass and NUE among genotypes. Nitrogen rate affected leaf SPAD, GLA, shoot biomass and NUE, but had much less effect on leaf Pn. Green leaf area and biomass increased with increasing N rates. Our results suggest that a two‐pronged approach, selection of genotypes with high NUE while working to optimize N rates and delivery can improve sugarcane yields on sand soils.     

多效唑和稀效唑对草地早熟禾分蘖和根的生长特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,对多效唑和烯效唑两种药剂共5个浓度对草地早熟禾Crest和Alpine两个品种的分蘖和根的生长特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明:多效唑和烯效唑都能有效地提高Crest和Alpine的分蘖数,并且分蘖数随施药浓度的增大而增加,多效唑的适宜用量为50 mg/m2,烯效唑为20 mg/m2。多效唑和烯效唑都可以促进Crest和Alpine根系的生长,可促进根增长,增粗和侧根发生,从而使根重增加,促进根系生长的最适用量多效唑为25 mg/m2,烯效唑为20 mg/m2。由于根重的显著增加,茎叶重相对降低,根冠比变小。     

不同控蘖措施对淦鑫688分蘖成穗及产量的影响

针对双季稻区高产超高产栽培条件下水稻无效分蘖多、成穗率低的难题,于2008-2009年以超级杂交晚稻淦鑫688为材料,开展了水控(提早晒田)、肥控(减少分蘖肥比例)、化控(喷施控蘖剂)3种不同控蘖措施及其组合措施对水稻分蘖成穗和产量影响的研究。结果表明:3种控蘖措施都能控制无效分蘖发生,促进分蘖成穗,提高成穗率,具有控蘖和促进成穗的双重功能。其中,化控效果最好,其次是肥控,水控较差;各单项措施组合后有较好的协同作用,3项措施组合的效果好于两项措施组合:不同控蘖处理都能降低无效分蘖期间的叶片含氮量和提高茎鞘可溶性糖含量,这可能是各控蘖处理控制无效分蘖发生和促进分蘖成穗的重要原因之一;各控蘖措施及其组合措施都能提高水稻产量,以3项措施组合应用的产量最高,其次是两项措施组合。     

冷水胁迫下水稻分蘖期耐冷性状QTL定位研究

以黑龙江地区高产优质水稻品种东农422和耐冷性强水稻品种空育131为亲本,构建F2 3代180个家系为作图群体.在分蘖期17℃人工冷水胁迫下,进行水稻耐冷性鉴定.以SSR标记构建分子连锁图谱为基础,根据微卫星标记间的距离和顺序绘制一个包含75个SSR标记的遗传连锁图谱.构建的连锁图谱总共覆盖水稻基因组约1351.7 cM,标记间平均距离为19.04 cM.对水稻分蘖期的苗高、分蘖数、地上部生长量、叶绿素含量及其冷水反应指数(CRI)进行数量性状基因座(QTLs)的定位研究.结果表明,上述性状经冷水胁迫后,在F3家系群中均表现为单峰的连续分布,推断分蘖期耐冷性是由主效基因和微效基因共同控制的数量性状.共检测到与冷水胁迫下分蘖期苗高、分蘖数、地上部生长量和叶绿素含量及其冷水反应指数相关的QTL 21个,分布于第2、3、5、6、7、8和12条染色体上.     

刈割对干热河谷海狮苏丹草生长的影响

以海狮苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense）为材料研究在留茬5、10、15 cm条件下,其植株高度、分蘖及单位面积产量等的动态变化情况,并通过构造一年生苏丹草刈割株高生长线性模型来分析其单作群落植物个体生长情况与整体生物量的关系。结果表明,在一个生长周期内,不同刈割区海狮苏丹草单作群落的总生物量在一定范围内达到相对稳定状态;不同刈割时期内植株个体生长速率与生长潜力呈显著负相关,表明苏丹草单作群落个体有通过平衡自身生长速率与生长潜力的关系使群落总生物量在一定范围内维持相对稳定状态的倾向。     

分蘖期干旱处理时间对水稻产量和生理指标的影响

以新两优6号为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同生育阶段干旱胁迫历时对水稻生长、生理指标和产量的影响。结果表明,干旱处理使水稻株高得到抑制,抗倒伏能力提高;使叶片MDA浓度、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量明显增加,随着干旱历时增加,先是急速增加,而后下降;分蘖期短时间干旱胁迫(T1)未造成新两优6号减产,产量反而增加9.2%。     

分蘖期旱涝交替胁迫对水稻生理指标的影响

采用盆栽试验,以常规灌溉为对照(CK),研究了水稻在分蘖期轻度旱涝交替胁迫(T-LD)和重度旱涝交替胁迫(T-HD)前、后及复水后各个生育期的部分生理指标变化,以探讨旱涝交替胁迫对水稻生长影响的机理。结果表明,T-LD处理的水稻叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性显著高于T-HD处理和CK;与CK相比,旱涝交替胁迫处理显著降低了水稻叶片中丙二醛(MDA)的质量摩尔浓度和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,显著增加了水稻叶片中叶绿素总量;复水后(黄熟期)GS活性均明显提高并高于CK。说明分蘖期旱涝交替胁迫可以增强水稻叶片的生理活性,延缓叶片衰老,不会降低水稻后期的耐淹能力。