石灰、硅酸钠和羟基磷灰石对烟草吸收镉的影响

为了探讨施用不同钝化剂对烟草吸收富集镉的效果,采用盆栽试验研究了石灰、硅酸钠和羟基磷灰石对Pb-Cd复合污染土壤上的烟草镉吸收富集的影响。结果表明,土壤pH值均随3种钝化剂用量的增大而升高,而土壤有效镉(DTPA-提取)含量则随之降低。土壤有效镉的最大降幅分别为:32 g/kg羟基磷灰石处理(52.4%)16 g/kg石灰处理(37.0%)12.5 g/kg硅酸钠处理(14.1%)。3种钝化剂都降低了烟株各部位镉的含量,其对烟叶镉含量的平均最大降幅分别为87%(16 g/kg石灰处理),74.7%(12.5 g/kg硅酸钠处理)和82.2%(32 g/kg羟基磷灰石处理)。石灰和羟基磷灰石对镉在根-茎之间的转移无显著影响,而硅酸钠则显著降低了镉在根-茎之间的转移。综上,镉污染的植烟土壤可以施用这些钝化剂以降低烟叶中镉的含量。     

延边地区烟草病毒病与气象因子关系的研究

为探明延边地区烟草病毒病的发病规律,为生产优质高产烟叶提供科学有效的病毒病预防措施,简要分析了延边地区2010和2011年病毒病与气象因子的关系.结果表明,延边地区进入6月份,当日平均温度高于16.0℃,烟草病毒病就可以发生.病毒病发病前10d的日平均温度高,日照时数大于6h的天数多,降雨量少的情况下,病毒病发生严重.     

Detection of cigarettes and other tobacco products by giant African pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus)

If the illicit tobacco trade were eliminated, governments could gain at least $31.3 billion a year, and more than 164,000 premature deaths a year could be avoided after 2030 (Joossens, Merriman, Ross, and Raw, 2009). Dogs have been used successfully in tobacco control programs, and there is a good chance that rats could also play an important role. In the present experiment, giant African pouched rats were trained to respond to filters that had been stored together with cigarettes (i.e., soaked) and to not respond to filters that had been soaked with noncigarette items. Generalization to untrained types of tobacco was then tested. The sensitivity of 4 rats trained on filters soaked with 1 of 7 types of cigarettes ranged from 86% to 100% (mean, 95%). There was very little evidence of generalization when the rats were tested on tobacco leaves and snuff but good evidence of generalization when the rats were tested on cigarettes that had been soaked with strong-smelling additives. These findings suggest that rats may be a valuable asset in the global effort to control illicit cigarette trade.     

稻麦联合收获机分段式脱粒装置设计与优化

针对纵轴流联合收获机在收获稻麦时出现的脱粒不彻底、分离不完全等问题,该研究设计了一种分段式纵轴流脱粒分离装置。该装置主要由锥形脱粒滚筒、脱粒强度可调式凹板筛、360°分离式凹板筛、作业参数电控调节系统等构成。通过单因素试验,分别获得了脱粒强度可调式凹板筛的开关板针对小麦和水稻脱粒的最佳开关状态。为寻求装置作业参数对脱粒效果的影响规律及最优参数组合,进行了多目标优化试验。以滚筒转速、导流板角度、凹板筛脱粒间隙、凹板筛分离间隙及喂入量作为影响因素,以破碎率、损失率、脱出物含杂率为试验指标,建立了破碎率、损失率、脱出物含杂率的数学模型。试验结果表明:各因素对破碎率影响的显著性大小顺序为滚筒转速、凹板筛脱粒间隙、导流板角度、喂入量、凹板筛分离间隙;对脱出物含杂率影响的显著性大小顺序为滚筒转速、导流板角度、凹板筛脱粒间隙、喂入量、凹板筛分离间隙;对损失率影响的显著性大小顺序为滚筒转速、导流板角度、凹板筛脱粒间隙、喂入量、凹板筛分离间隙。通过多目标参数优化分析,确定装置进行小麦脱粒的最优作业参数组合为脱粒滚筒转速905 r/min、导流板角度69°、凹板筛脱粒间隙18 mm、凹板筛分离间隙19 mm、喂入量4 kg/s。在该参数组合条件下进行了田间验证试验,结果表明,与常规纵轴流脱粒装置相比,整机作业破碎率由1.46%降为1.00%,含杂率由1.85%降为1.43%,损失率由1.72%降为1.20%,各指标实测值与模型优化值的相对误差均小于5%,满足国家相关标准要求。该装置有效解决了破碎率高、脱粒不干净、分离不彻底的问题,研究结果可为纵轴流联合收获机脱粒装置的结构改进和作业参数优化提供参考和依据。     

A proposal for enhanced EU herbage VCU and DUS testing procedures

Herbage production is regarded as having environment-friendly credentials. However, as the ruminant production it supports is facing major challenges on sustainability, environmental footprint and human health concerns, EU herbage cultivar testing must contribute to the solutions. Before new cultivars can be sold in a member state (MS) and gain EU-wide marketing, they must pass official tests to prove they are both novel (distinct, uniform and stable, DUS) with improved value for cultivation and use (VCU). Herbage species present specific challenges, as their allogamy imposes a wide within-cultivar variation that adds complexity to DUS tests and their “value” is only realized in ruminant produce. Current VCU systems measure production, chemical composition and disease/stress tolerances, often on large numbers of candidate cultivars, but prohibitive labour costs and logistics mean that animal intake, ruminant output or environmental benefits cannot be measured directly. Furthermore, some candidate cultivars with proven superior VCU fail DUS even though the non-distinct comparison is with a significantly lower performing registered cultivar. To resolve these problem cases, a “vmDUS” distinctness tool is proposed, which uses molecular markers but conforms to UPOV-declared principles. A short overview of current grassland research shows smart proxy measures of animal value can easily and quickly be adopted into an integrated pan-European (EU-VCU) test network. The proposed EU-VCU scheme will reallocate test resources to conduct these additional tests by placing MS in data sharing collaborations, while retaining their national listing authority. The benefits to all stakeholders from adopting these new testing procedures are considered.     

原味型斗烟原料作用分析

【目的】明确原味型斗烟原料烤烟、白肋烟、百里科、东方烟草、拉塔基亚、黑板烟的特性及其在配方中的作用,为原味型斗烟的配方设计提供参考。【方法】对6种斗烟原料常规化学成分、中性致香物质含量进行测定,并对6种斗烟原料及其按1∶1组成的7种配方斗烟(烤烟(对照)、烤烟/白肋烟、烤烟/东方烟草、烤烟/拉塔基亚、烤烟/百里科、烤烟/黑板烟、烤烟/东方烟草/拉塔基亚)进行感官特性分析,研究原料内在化学成分与感官评价之间的相关性。【结果】6种斗烟原料中烤烟的叶绿素降解产物含量高、氮碱比低;白肋烟总糖、还原糖含量低,烟碱含量高;拉塔基亚总氮和类胡萝卜素降解产物含量高;东方烟草(土耳其AG级)总糖、还原糖含量及糖碱比高;黑板烟烟碱含量低、中性致香物质总量低。感官评价结果表明,白肋烟具有坚果香味,可使配方劲道力量、层次变化和室韵嗅香得分升高;东方烟草香气芳香,可使配方层次变化得分升高;百里科刺激性稍大,可使配方劲道力量、层次变化和室韵嗅香得分升高;黑板烟具有焦糖风味,可使配方层次变化得分升高;拉塔基亚具有焚香风味,可使配方室韵嗅香得分升高,但会降低层次变化得分。相关性分析结果表明,烟碱含量与劲道力量呈极显著正相关,氮碱比与劲道力量呈显著负相关;钾含量与层次变化呈显著正相关,类胡萝卜素降解产物含量与层次变化呈显著负相关;总糖含量、还原糖含量、棕色化反应产物含量与室韵嗅香呈显著负相关。【结论】白肋烟、百里科的烟碱含量高、氮碱比低,可使配方劲道力量变强;黑板烟、白肋烟的加入可丰富配方的层次变化;烤烟、东方烟草的总糖、还原糖、棕色化反应产物含量相对较高,要设计室韵嗅香较浓的配方应减少这2种原料的使用量。     

贵州省易地扶贫搬迁的动力机制调查研究——以织金县和思南县为例

易地扶贫搬迁工作已顺利开展多年，贵州省农民因此受益，但搬迁后如何保障农民生计问题变得尤为重要。通过分析贵州省牛场镇和塘头镇易地扶贫搬迁的实战经验，发现贵州易地扶贫搬迁中存在多动力协调推进、动力主体多元化、扶贫方式多样化、配套措施及时落实的动力机制，两地在搬迁中的共性为:选址科学、发展特色经济、推进配套政策。     

烤烟新品种NC102配套栽培技术研究

为促进优质烤烟新品种NC102在云南省主要烟叶产区的推广种植,2012年在石林县利用L27(313)正交试验设计开展了美引品种NC102的配套栽培技术措施研究。结果表明,在本试验设置的4个处理因素中,施氮量是最主导因素。通过对NC102的经济性状、内在化学成分和感官质量评价等性状的综合分析,最终获得了NC102的最佳栽培技术措施组合。最佳施氮量为每667m2 7.0kg,株距为0.55~0.6m,留叶数为20~22片·株-1,打顶时期为扣心打顶或开花打顶。     

烘烤凋萎期失水速度对烟叶质量的影响

凋萎期失水速度在烟叶质量的形成过程中具有重要作用,是影响烟叶质量的关键指标。为了优化烘烤工艺,寻找最佳的凋萎期失水速度,以秦烟96为试验材料,2014~2015年在甘肃陇南地区应用变频技术通过风量调节研究了烘烤凋萎期7组失水速度对烟叶质量的影响。试验结果表明,凋萎期失水速度控制在5~7 g∕(kg·h)之间,不但可以让未变黄的烟叶继续变黄,消除青烟,让已变黄的烟叶适度失水,同时降低了变黄后烟叶的水分含量,为烟叶定色创造了条件,有利于防止棕色化反应的发生。     

徽县烤烟新品种适应性研究

为筛选出适宜徽县烟区生态条件的烤烟新品种,在徽县烟区以秦烟96为对照,对2个烤烟品种云烟99、云烟100的生物学性状、抗病性、经济性状、外观质量进行了观察分析。试验结果表明,云烟99经济性状表现最好,产值(51829.93元/hm^2)和均价(22.83元/kg)最高;株型为腰鼓型,主脉稍粗,大田生长势强、整齐一致,分层落黄好,性状稳定,易烘烤,原烟外观质量好;较对照的发病率和病情指数低,抗病性较强。初步确定云烟99适宜在徽县烟区推广种植。