油菜籽联合收获机作业效果综合测评

我国油菜机收损失率过高,一个重要原因是在实际生产中大多用谷物联合收割机兼收油菜,收获损失难以精准把控,割台损失率、脱粒清选损失率、破碎率都过高,总损失率难以达到行业标准要求,亟待对专用油菜籽联合收获机实际作业性能进行科学准确评价,加大专用油菜籽联合收获机推广应用力度。为此,农业农村部农业机械化总站组织对国内主流的3款专用油菜籽联合收获机开展了包括作业性能和经济性能在内的作业效果综合测评。结果显示,3款机具的含杂率、破碎率、总损失率等作业性能指标均达到行业标准要求,满足生产需要,充分说明油菜籽专用联合收获机的作业性能比兼用收获机更为可靠;3款机具的作业效率均是人工收割油菜的100倍以上,包括人工、机具折旧、燃油在内的作业总成本只有人工的1/10,经济效果显著。通过结果分析,提出以收定种、耕种收一体推进油菜机收,大力发展高效低损油菜收获机具装备,加大机手培训指导减少机收损失等措施建议。     

丘陵山地拖拉机加载仿形试验台设计

针对丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂控制系统试验条件复杂,过程繁琐以及重复性较差等问题,设计一种室内加载仿形试验台。该试验台由安装位置可调整的坡地仿形模块与辅助装置、模拟加载模块以及测控系统等功能模块组成,在电液伺服控制系统的作用下模拟丘陵山地拖拉机的作业坡度和耕作阻力,测试拖拉机电液悬挂控制系统性能。以TS-404H拖拉机为试验对象,坡地等高线为作业路线,运用该试验系统进行丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂系统的坡地自适应调整试验,对试验台系统的坡地仿形模块和模拟加载模块进行试验验证。结果表明:在预定坡度目标0°~15°范围内,该试验台仿形模块模拟坡度的最大误差为4.2%,平均误差为3.8%,调整时间1.2 s,超调量为9%;当模拟土壤阻力为6.5 kN时,加载模块的响应时间为1.2 s、最大误差4%,平均误差2%,能够满足中小型丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂控制系统对试验设备的性能要求。     

农户绿色生产技术采纳行为及其效应——以测土配方施肥技术为例

为揭示农户绿色生产技术采纳行为决策的规律性和显化其行为效应,基于鄱阳湖平原6个产粮大县的607份调查数据,利用内生转换回归(ESR)模型实证分析了农户采纳测土配方施肥技术的影响因素及其采纳行为的经济和生态效应。结果表明:农户采纳测土配方施肥技术主要受到家庭总收入、耕种面积和信息获取渠道的正向影响,耕地破碎度和家离农技机构距离的负向影响。测土配方施肥技术的采纳有助于农户实现水稻的增产和化肥的减量化施用,表现为在反事实假设情景下,实际采纳该技术的农户若未采纳,其水稻单位面积产值下降6.38%、化肥施用量增加2.14%;实际未采纳该技术的农户若采纳,其水稻单位面积产值提高1.83%、化肥施用量减少1.00%。鉴于此,建议降低耕地破碎度,实现适度规模经营,加强技术的宣传推广,构建技术培训体系,显化技术效益,发挥技术的示范带动效果。     

农产品质量安全科研检测单位的劳务派遣用工管理

受人员编制限制,人力资源相对不足制约了农产品质量安全科研检测单位的发展。劳务派遣作为一种新型用工形式,一定程度上解决了农产品质量安全科研检测单位的人力资源配置问题。文章对农产品质量安全科研检测单位劳务派遣用工管理进行解析,分析存在的问题,并提出一些对策,以期对农产品质量安全科研检测单位的劳务派遣运用有所启示。     

设施蔬菜肥料施用现状调查分析及减施潜力估算

对赤峰市典型设施农业区20个种植户进行施肥情况调查。结果表明：赤峰市设施农业有机肥投入量偏高,化肥以基施为主。赤峰市设施蔬菜调查区氮、磷、钾养分总投入量平均分别达 2575、1266、2790 kg/hm _² ,土壤养分投入过大养分过量现象严重。每季黄瓜、番茄、辣椒 N∶P ₂ O ₅ ∶K ₂ O 平均为1:0.49:1.09,养分比例适中。施入土壤的养分总量远超过各自推荐施肥量,养分减施潜力较大。赤峰市设施蔬菜应大力推广测土配方施肥技术,实现资源节约型、环境友好型现代化高效农业。     

In vitro sensitivity of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis to antifungal therapeutics

Chytridiomycosis, a skin disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has caused amphibian declines worldwide. Amphibians can be treated by percutaneous application of antimicrobials, but knowledge of in vitro susceptibility is lacking. Using a modified broth microdilution method, we describe the in vitro sensitivity of two Australian isolates of B. dendrobatidis to six antimicrobial agents. Growth inhibition was observed, by measurement of optical density, with all agents. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (µg/ml; isolate 1/2) were – voriconazole 0.016/0.008; itraconazole 0.032/0.016; terbinafine 0.063/0.063; fluconazole 0.31/0.31; chloramphenicol 12.5/12.5; amphotericin B 12.5/6.25. Killing effects on zoospores were assessed by observing motility. Amphotericin B and terbinafine killed zoospores within 5 and 30 min depending on concentration, but other antimicrobials were not effective at the highest concentrations tested (100 µg/ml). This knowledge will help in drug selection and treatment optimization. As terbinafine was potent and has rapid effects, study of its pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy is recommended.     

Calorific values and ash contents of different parts of Masson pine trees in southern China

Calorific value of plants is an important parameter for evalu- ating and indexing material cycles and energy conversion in forest eco- systems. Based on mensuration data of 150 sample sets, we analyzed the calorific value （CV） and ash content （AC） of different parts of Masson pine （Pinus massoniana） trees in southern China using hypothesis testing and regression analysis. CV and AC of different tree parts were almost significantly different （P〈0.05）. In descending order, ash-free calorific value （AFCV） ranked as foliage 〉 branch 〉 stem bark 〉 root 〉 stem wood, and AC ranked as foliage 〉 stem bark 〉 root 〉 branch 〉 stem wood. CV and AC of stem wood from the top, middle and lower sections of trees differed significantly. CV increased from the top to the lower sections of the tnmk while AC decreased. Mean gross calorific value （GCV） and AFCV of aboveground parts were significantly higher than those of belowground parts （roots）. The mean GCV, AFCV and AC of a whole tree of Masson pine were 21.54 kJ/g, 21.74 kJ/g and 0.90%, re- spectively. CV and AC of different tree parts were, to some extent, cor- related with tree diameter, height and origin.     

Genetic variation and selection of introduced provenances of Siberian Pine （Pinus sibirica） in frigid regions of the Greater Xing’an Range,Northeast China

Siberian Pine （Pinus sibirica） is an ecologically and eco-nomically important species in pristine forests throughout northern Rus-sia. Four provenances of P. sibirica were introduced from Mongolia and Russia to the Greater Xing’an Range （the Daxing’anling）, northeast China in 1993. The aim of this research was to study genetic variation and selection of the introduced four Pinus sibirica provenances. Heights （H）, basal diameters （BD）, survival rates （SR） and crown lengths （CL） of different families were measured as primary outcomes in different growth years. Results of data analyses demonstrated high coefficients of phenotypic variation （PCV） and heritability （H2） for H, BD and CL at 18 years after introduction. PCV and H2 increased with age. Correlations of＆amp;nbsp;growth traits between any two growth years were all significantly positive, but the correlation coefficient was smaller when the growth year interval was larger. Correlations between H and the original environment factors decreased gradually, indicating that with long-term subsistence in the new environment, the influence of the source environment declined. Colligation of multiple traits to estimate provenances showed that Novosibirsk, Tomsk, and Altai Mountains had higher survival rates and biomass, and proved more suitable for introduction and plantation in the Greater Xing’an Range in China.     

Feasibility and repeatability of cold and mechanical quantitative sensory testing in normal dogs

Feasibility and inter-session repeatability of cold and mechanical quantitative sensory testing (QST) were assessed in 24 normal dogs. Cold thermal latencies were evaluated using a thermal probe (0 °C) applied to three pelvic limb sites. Mechanical thresholds were measured using an electronic von Frey anesthesiometer (EVF) and a blunt-probed pressure algometer (PA) applied to the dorsal aspect of the metatarsus. All QST trials were performed with dogs in lateral recumbency. Collection of cold QST data was easy (feasible) in 19/24 (79%) dogs. However, only 18.4%, 18.9% and 13.2% of cold QST trials elicited a response at the medial tibia, third digital pad and plantar metatarsal regions, respectively. Collection of mechanical QST data was easy (feasible) in 20/24 (83%) dogs for both EVF and PA.At consecutive sampling times, approximately 2 weeks apart, the average EVF sensory thresholds were 414 ± 186 g and 379 ± 166 g, respectively, and the average PA sensory thresholds were 1089 ± 414 g and 1028 ± 331 g, respectively. There was no significant difference in inter-session or inter-limb threshold values for either mechanical QST device. The cold QST protocol in this study was achievable, but did not provide consistently quantifiable results. Both mechanical QST devices tested provided repeatable, reliable sensory threshold measurements in normal, client-owned dogs. These findings contribute to the validation of the EVF and PA as tools to obtain repeated QST data over time in dogs to assess somatosensory processing changes.     

Sensitive detection of the c‐KIT c.1430G>T mutation by mutant‐specific polymerase chain reaction in feline mast cell tumours

Here, we describe the establishment of mutant‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of a c‐KIT c.1430G>T mutation in feline mast cell tumours. Several mutations in feline c‐KIT have been identified, with the c.1430G>T mutation accounting for a significant portion of feline mast cell tumour mutations. The c.1430G>T mutation in c‐KIT exon 9 was detected in 15.7% (11 of 70) of samples by mutant‐specific PCR but in only 7.1% (5 of 70) by PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the genomic DNA isolated from 70 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections or cells collected by fine needle aspiration. Mutant‐specific PCR showed remarkably higher detection rate than did PCR–RFLP. DNA sequence analysis did not always yield identical results to those of mutant‐specific PCR, suggesting heterogeneity of tumour cells. Mutant‐specific PCR is a valid and efficient screening tool for detection of the c‐KIT c.1430G>T point mutation in feline mast cell tumours compared with PCR–RFLP and sequencing analysis.