金融生态主体博弈行为理论研究与政策建议

通过对金融生态主体：政府、金融缉织、非及金融组织的行为倾向进行分析，在心里学与利益制衡范畴解释其行为动机，和这一动态演进过程造成的结果。然后，模拟金融生态主体博弈过程，借助其在社会范围之内的相互联系、相互影响、共同作用，反过来影响和形成了短期社会规则，并影响金融生态的长期构建。     

运用系统方法论改进高校思想政治工作

系统论作为一门新兴学科和研究方法，己被广泛运用于人类的多种研究和实践中。高校学生思想政治工作，应该运用系统论的理论，探索一套行之有效的思想政治教育模式和方法，提高思想教育的实效。     

Land Cover Transition in Northern Tanzania

Land conversion in sub‐Saharan Africa has profound biophysical, ecological, political and social consequences for human well‐being and ecosystem services. Understanding the process of land cover changes and transitions is essential for good ecosystem management policy that would lead to improved agricultural production, human well‐being and ecosystems health. This study aimed to assess land cover transitions in a typical semi‐arid degraded agro‐ecosystems environment within the Pangani river basin in northern Tanzania. Three Landsat images spanning over 30 years were used to detect random and systematic patterns of land cover transition in a landscape dominated by crop and livestock farming. Results revealed that current land cover transition is driven by a systematic process of change dominated by the following: (i) transition from degraded land to sparse bushland (10·8%); (ii) conversion from sparse bushland to dense bushland in lowland areas (6·0%); (iii) conversion from bushland to forest (4·8%); and (iv) conversion from dense bushland to cropland in the highlands (4·5%). Agricultural lands under water harvesting technology adoption show a high degree of persistence (60–80%) between time slices. This suggests that there is a trend in land‐use change towards vegetation improvement in the catchment with a continuous increase in the adoption of water harvesting technologies for crop and livestock farming. This can be interpreted as a sign of agricultural intensification and vegetation regrowth in the catchment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geographical distribution of the DL1 and DL2 genes causing hybrid dwarfism in Phaseolus vulgaris L., their association with seed size,and their significance to breeding

Summary Dwarlism in F₁ hybrids has been observed in over 100 crosses of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. In each cross, one parent always had small seeds and the other parent either medium or la ge ones. This apparent incompatibility between the two groups of germplasm was controlled by two complementary, dominant genes: DL₁ and DL₂. Smallseeded bean lines carried gene DL₁ and originated in Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico; medium for large-seeded bean lines carried gene DL₂ and were from Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Turkey, The United States, and West Germany. Thes two genes have probably played an important role in the evolution of dry bean forms of different seed sizes by serving as a genetic barrier or isolating mechanism, thus limiting free genetic recombination between the two germplasm groups.Apparent differences in the adaptiveness and yielding ability of the two groups of bean germplasm, smallys, medium- and large-seeded, and some breeding implications for manipulation of the genes causing F₁ hybrid dwarfism were also discovered.     

No DNA loss in autotetraploids of Arabidopsis thaliana

To address the issue of genome evolution in autopolyploids and particularly to investigate whether rapid sequence elimination also occurs in autopolyploids as in allopolyploids, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting was employed to examine a large number of genomic loci in F₁ hybrids between two different autotetraploids of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, namely Ler and Col. Using this approach, perfect additivity in the F₁ hybrids was found between the newly‐formed autopolyploids when compared with their parental lines. Using flow cytometry, the study was extended in a quantitative manner, in which the nuclear DNA contents in one autotetraploid A. thaliana accession Ler, was determined. The increase in genome size of the autotetraploid line was additive. Taken together, no evidence was found for genome size reduction due to autopolyploidization of A. thaliana. The results indicating that there was no DNA loss in autotetraploid A. thaliana suggest that a different type of genome evolution may occur in autopolyploids during the initial stages of their formation when compared with allopolyploids.     

Plant transposable elements,with an emphasis on grass species

Transposable elements are presents in all known genomes so far, and have the faculty of changing their genomic location and/or number of copies within the genome. They are mobile endogenous genetic elements, with a large variety of structure and transposition mechanism. In crops, they compose the major part of the nucleic DNA, up to 80% in some cereals like maize and wheat. Despite their omnipresence, they are largely unknown and uncharacterized within the Poaceae family. In this review, we describe a possible classification of the elements present in this family, some of their known transposition mechanism, their known activity and possible action in crops, and their possible origin.     

The domestication and improvement of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary Physiological and morphological characteristics of the two wild and three domesticated subspecies of cowpeas are compared. The wild accessions are alike in having small, hard seeds borne in dehiscent pods, but differ in other characteristics. We suggest that the wild subsp. dekindtiana, from the seasonally-arid tropics, is more likely to have been the progenitor of modern cowpeas than the other wild subspecies (subsp. mensensis), but that subsp. dekindtiana was first cultivated in the humid tropics where its pods are slow to dehisce. Domestication has been associated with changes in the structure of pod valves and seed coats which reduce pod dehiscence and seed hardness. Pods and seeds have increased in size, mainly by increases in the rate of dry weight accumulation, and their increase has been only partly paralleled by increase in the area of subtending leaves. There has been no increase in the maximum photosynthetic rate of leaves, but the duration of their photosynthetic activity has increased. Domesticates are less sensitive than are wild plants to some environmental controls, such as in the response of germination to temperature, but in their flowering responses to daylength both wild and cultivated forms retain sensitivity under conditions where this is of adaptive value.     

杨属ITS序列的分子进化特点分析

本文通过对杨属5组代表种并以柳属中旱柳的ITS序列作为参照,用成对比较的方法对杨属21个植物样品的ITS序列比较发现,杨属ITS序列的碱基替换情况是转换数大于颠换数,ITS-1序列中碱基发生转换和颠换的数目基本相似,而ITS-2序列中碱基发生转换的数目远远大于颠换。用朱克斯和坎托一参数模型和木村二参数模型对杨属ITS序列的替换率计算,无论是ITS-1还是ITS-2序列都没有达到数理统计上的明显差异。但由于ITS-2序列碱基的变化转换大大高于颠换,所以二参数模型计算所得结果大于一参数模型;采用相对速率测验法,对杨属各组分子进化相对速率进行了检测,结果分析得知,杨属5组的ITS序列分子进化速率有差异。杨属各组的ITS-1序列比较说明,大叶杨组、青杨组、黑杨组的进化速率都小于白杨组,而胡杨组则是进化速率最快的,大叶杨组的进化速率小于青杨组、胡杨组和黑杨组,黑杨组和胡杨组大于青杨组;ITS-2序列比较发现白杨组是进化速率最慢,其次是大叶杨组、青杨组,而黑杨组则稍大于胡杨组;总ITS序列比较是大叶杨组和黑杨组相对较慢,胡杨组最快;但就总的碱基替换分析,除了黑杨组和大叶杨组在ITS-1区间及青杨组、胡杨组和白杨组在ITS-2区间进化速率有显著差异外,其余组间都无显著的差异,尤其是在整个ITS序列区段碱基替换的差异都无显著差异。     

Cytogenetic and genetic relationships between populations of Aegilops ventricosa Tausch

Summary Five samples of Aegilops ventricosa (2n=4x=28, genome formula DDNN) from different geographical origins, were crossed in a diallelic scheme. Metaphase I chromosome pairing of the hybrids, accounting for all the possible genetic combinations, was analysed. Only bivalents were formed in some hybrids, while multivalents were scored in other ones. Seed storage proteins, gliadins and albumins, were also analysed by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Based on the presence of multivalents in hybrids, and on the differences in seed protein profiles, the samples could be grouped into two clusters. Meiosis was regular in hybrids obtained within samples of the same group, while multivalents were present in hybrids involving a sample of one group and one of the other. The evolutionary trends in Ae. ventricosa are discussed.