尿素类型与灌溉管理对玉米节水保肥的影响

水分和氮素管理对提高作物产量具有重要作用。笔者研究尿素类型与灌溉管理对玉米节水保肥的影响以达到玉米高氮肥利用效率和高产田的生产目标。本研究在2016—2017年开展2年完全随机区组设计试验,讨论了尿素类型（普通尿素和控释尿素）及灌溉对玉米土壤和氮素利用的影响。每种尿素类型设置2种氮素水平,分别为75、150 kg N/hm ²,以不施氮肥为对照。水分设置2种灌溉水平,分别为全生育期不灌水和灌浆阶段灌水85 mm。结果表明：在灌溉与施氮水平相同下,0~40 cm土层应用控释尿素处理氮含量较高,但在更深的土壤层低于普通尿素处理;相对于不灌溉,灌溉增加了硝态氮的损失,但施用控释尿素的处理硝态氮损失低于施用普通尿素处理;灌溉条件下施用控释尿素可以提高玉米氮素吸收,并使更多的氮向籽粒中转移;与普通尿素相比,控释尿素提高了氮肥利用率,降低土壤对氮需求的依赖。控释尿素低氮的释放可以减少硝态氮在土壤中的存留时间而迅速被玉米吸收,从而降低硝态氮的损失风险,提高了土壤氮肥利用效率。综上,控释尿素与少量灌溉相结合适用于华北半湿润地区达到玉米高氮肥利用效率和高产田的生产目标。     

林地水土保持功能持续提高的机制及对策

通过对不同林地水土保持功能分析得出,其发展过程可分为成长期、成熟期和减退期,并定义成熟期为可持续发展期。分析了影响水土保持功能持续提高的环境分配系数r和环境利用系数k,认为r是林地中光、水、肥分配的参数,k为光、水、肥利用的参数。林地水土保持功能的持续提高,应通过调整r和k,即调控林地的树种组成、林分层次和林分密度,形成合理的林分结构,保持成熟期的持续发展。并在此基础上提出了林地水土保持功能持续提高的相应对策。     

基于宗地尺度的土地集约利用潜力评价及存量用地挖潜研究——以重庆市渝北区为例

为探究渝北区未来存量用地的挖潜方向,通过构建商服圈,并利用建筑、人口经济、交通和公共服务设施数据,从功能、强度和区位潜力3方面选取评价指标,结合层次分析法和熵权法确定其权重,计算渝北区城镇建设用地集约利用潜力,并依此识别可用于二次开发的宗地.结果表明:①渝北区划定商服圈总面积15 827.25 hm~2,因受地形、政策和城市双核心发展因素影响商服圈呈不规则形状;②用于潜力评价的宗地因城市开发过程中各类用地并存且未实现更新而未呈现同心圆模式;③渝北区可用于二次开发的城镇建设用地总面积为1 178.88 hm~2,主要布局于两路老城区南部、龙山—龙溪—龙塔街道西北部和创新经济走廊中部等区域.④渝北区公共管理与公共服务用地和商业服务业设施用地土地集约利用潜力较大,是未来改造盘活的主要用地类型.     

昌吉市土地利用对生态环境的影响分析

在分析昌吉市土地利用现状特点和动态变化的基础上,讨论土地利用对生态环境的影响,指出昌吉市相对脆弱的生态环境和突出的人地矛盾,并提出改善其对环境影响的对策建议。     

Dense planting with less basal nitrogen fertilization might benefit rice cropping for high yield with less environmental impacts

Dense planting and less basal nitrogen (N) fertilization have been recommended to further increase rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE), respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the integrative impacts of dense planting with reduced basal N application (DR) on rice yield, NUE and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Field experiments with one conventional sparse planting (CK) and four treatments of dense planting (increased seedlings per hill) with less basal N application were conducted in northeast China from 2012 to 2013. In addition, a two-factor experiment was conducted to isolate the effect of planting density and basal N rate on CH₄ emission in 2013. Our results show that an increase in planting density by about 50% with a correspondingly reduction in basal N rate by about 30% (DR1 and DR2) enhanced NUE by 14.3–50.6% and rice grain yield by 0.5–7.4% over CK. Meanwhile, DR1 and DR2 reduced GWP by 6.4–12.6% and yield-scaled GWP by 7.0–17.0% over CK. According to the two-factor experiment, soil CH₄ production and oxidation and CH₄ emission were not affected by planting density. However, reduced basal N rate decreased CH₄ emission due to it significantly reduced soil CH₄ production with a smaller reduction in soil CH₄ oxidation. The above results indicate that moderate dense planting with less basal N application might be an environment friendly mode for rice cropping for high yield and NUE with less GHG emissions.     

基于企业社会责任的可持续供应链风险评价——以汽车行业为例

现代企业的竞争由企业间品牌竞争转向为供应链之间的竞争，可持续供应链管理中企业承担社会责任，是提高企业竞争优势、顺应社会责任指南标准化趋势的必然要求。可持续供应链中企业社会责任的复杂性、因果关系暧昧性和历史变化性使得社会责任实践存在一些困难。为了对可持续供应链管理中企业的社会责任进行有效治理，我们得在可持续供应链中纳入企业社会责任共同治理标准，对企业社会责任进行风险评价、监督与管理。     

Shifts in microbial diversity through land use intensity as drivers of carbon mineralization in soil

Land use practices alter the biomass and structure of soil microbial communities. However, the impact of land management intensity on soil microbial diversity (i.e. richness and evenness) and consequences for functioning is still poorly understood. Here, we addressed this question by coupling molecular characterization of microbial diversity with measurements of carbon (C) mineralization in soils obtained from three locations across Europe, each representing a gradient of land management intensity under different soil and environmental conditions. Bacterial and fungal diversity were characterized by high throughput sequencing of ribosomal genes. Carbon cycling activities (i.e., mineralization of autochthonous soil organic matter, mineralization of allochthonous plant residues) were measured by quantifying ¹²C- and ¹³C-CO₂ release after soils had been amended, or not, with ¹³C-labelled wheat residues. Variation partitioning analysis was used to rank biological and physicochemical soil parameters according to their relative contribution to these activities. Across all three locations, microbial diversity was greatest at intermediate levels of land use intensity, indicating that optimal management of soil microbial diversity might not be achieved under the least intensive agriculture. Microbial richness was the best predictor of the C-cycling activities, with bacterial and fungal richness explaining 32.2 and 17% of the intensity of autochthonous soil organic matter mineralization; and fungal richness explaining 77% of the intensity of wheat residues mineralization. Altogether, our results provide evidence that there is scope for improvement in soil management to enhance microbial biodiversity and optimize C transformations mediated by microbial communities in soil.     

阿克苏地区经济发展与建设用地集约利用耦合研究

以阿克苏地区的经济发展与建设用地集约利用的两个子系统为研究对象,基于二者与社会协同理论,同时运用熵值法、统计分析、系统评价和耦合模型等方法对其进行研究。建立阿克苏地区经济发展与建设用地耦合模型,然后对耦合关系进行探讨,揭示经济发展与建设用地集约利用的关系。研究结果表明,阿克苏地区经济发展和建设用地集约利用水平都较低;经济发展—建设用地集约利用系统中两子系统在反正切函数模型中的协调性越来越差;两子系统在经济和建设用地集约利用水平较低时高度耦合,阿克苏地区的经济水平较建设用地集约利用水平快速发展,建设用地集约水平急需改善。     

不同类型肥料对甘薯产量和氮效率的影响

为了找到比较适合甘薯增产的肥料,采用田间小区试验的方法,在投入等量氮磷钾养分情况下,比较4种不同类型肥料(施可丰复合肥、土壤所包膜肥、金正大包膜肥、史丹利复合肥)的氮肥效率,以无氮处理、普通尿素、习惯施肥为对照。结果表明:施可丰复合肥对甘薯的增产效果明显,产量达到29940 kg/hm2,显著高于无氮处理、普通尿素处理(P0.05),与习惯施肥相比增产8.92%,另外,收获时氮肥利用率最高,pH值降低小,在甘薯吸氮量最高时,施可丰复合肥氮素释放最高,符合甘薯的氮肥吸收规律,在甘薯生产上是值得推荐的。     

Impact of traditional soil burning (guie) on Planosol properties and land‐use intensification in south‐western Ethiopia

In the Gilgel Gibe catchment in Ethiopia, local farmers intensify land use on Planosols by adjusting a traditional soil burning practice known as guie. The burning practice used to be applied in a cycle of shifting cultivation. However, more recently, farmers burn small plots to make fertile seedbeds for Eucalyptus seedlings in the first year before these trees are transplanted to larger plots. The purpose of this research was to assess the physico‐chemical properties of Planosols that have been subjected to burning over the last 10 yrs and evaluate the contribution of guie to land‐use intensification of these soils. Transect studies and interviews of local farmers, followed by chemical, physical and micromorphological analyses of samples from selected plots were used to compare the soil properties of recently (0–2 yrs) and formerly (3–10 yrs) burnt Planosols with those of unburnt Planosols. The analytical results show that the burning practice improved nutrient availability in the first 2 yrs after guie. Increased amounts of exchangeable aluminium (Al) were reported in the long term. Charge fingerprints illustrate that the nutrient‐buffering capacity of the soil was high shortly after the practice but subsequently decreased with time. Given the population pressure on the formerly extensively used Planosols, it is argued that the current application of guie on small, localized plots for raising Eucalyptus seedlings is well adapted to the local socio‐economic context and promotes land‐use intensification on the Planosols. The increased exchangeable Al content of former Eucalyptus seedbeds merits further in‐depth research into the biophysical sustainability of the burning practice.