温度胁迫下罗非鱼（GIFT Oreochromis niloticus）机体免疫力的变化及其对海豚链球菌易感性的影响

为了揭示温度这一重要环境因子与罗非鱼免疫力及对海豚链球菌的易感性之间的关系,分别进行了不同温度下罗非鱼感染海豚链球菌的死亡率试验和不同温度对罗非鱼非特异免疫相关酶（超氧化物歧化酶,SOD;溶菌酶;碱性磷酸酶,AKP以及补体C3）活性影响的试验。试验结果表明,罗非鱼感染海豚链球菌的死亡率与水温的变化呈现明显的正相关;特别是在高温条件下,罗非鱼免疫力受到了明显的抑制,具体表现为SOD活性呈现先诱导后抑制的趋势,AKP活性在12h较28℃时显著上升（P〈0．05）,血清溶菌酶活性则受到抑制作用,而补体C3活性在12h和24h与对照组相比显著升高了10．99％和13．40％（P〈0．05）。试验结果显示高温能够引起罗非鱼免疫力低下,使鱼体对病原菌易感性增强,致使罗非鱼因感染海豚链球菌造成的死亡率显著升高,为研究罗非鱼海豚链球菌病爆发的环境机制提供了相关资料。     

Protein quality of raw and autoclaved cowpeas: Comparison between some insect resistant and susceptible varieties

A comparative study was conducted with four improved cowpea (2 pod bug resistant and 2 susceptible) varieties to assess the effect of autoclaving at 105°C under 15 psi for 30 min on their protein quality, as measured by the levels of some antinutritional factors and performance of rats fed the different cowpea diets. Also, the relationships between antinutrients in the cowpeas and protein quality indicators were examined. Results showed that autoclaving completely eliminated trypsin inhibitor, hemagglutinin and HCN, whereas it reduced significantly (p<0.01) the levels of phytic and tannic acids in the cowpeas. In both raw and autoclaved forms, the insect susceptible cowpeas were better (P<0.05) utilized than their resistant counterparts, a condition which was attributable to lower levels of antinutrients in the susceptible varieties. In the raw cowpeas, trypsin inhibitor, hemagglutinin and HCN were significant variables affecting cowpea protein utilization, while in autoclaved samples, tannic and phytic acids were important though nonsignificant (P>0.05) factors. It was concluded that autoclaving at the above temperature and time improved the protein quality of the insect susceptible more than the insect resistant cowpea varieties.     

水稻中MPK5稳态失衡抑制拟禾本科根结线虫与水稻的亲和互作

 拟禾本科根结线虫(Meloidogyne graminicola)为水稻的重要土传病原,可严重为害水稻。本研究旨在探究水稻中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶5(MPK5)稳态失衡对拟禾本科根结线虫与水稻亲和互作的影响,并初步探讨其机制。首先,通过线虫侵染试验发现,在水稻中超表达和沉默MPK5 引发的MPK5 稳态失衡均可抑制拟禾本科根结线虫与水稻的亲和互作。qRT-PCR 分析结果显示,与水稻野生型不同,在MPK5 超表达和沉默水稻株系中MPK5 均受拟禾本科根结线虫诱导表达。同时,拟禾本科根结线虫可抑制MPK5 超表达株系中几丁质酶的表达,但诱导MPK5 沉默株系中病程相关基因PR5 与PR10 的表达。上述试验结果表明,MPK5 稳态失衡可导致MPK5 响应拟禾本科根结线虫的侵染,且在MPK5 超表达和沉默水稻株系中MPK5 介导水稻产生拟禾本科根结线虫抗性的机制不同。     

Reaction of three potato cultivars to potato virus S and alteration of miRNAs and mRNA targets in the resistant genotypes

Reactions of three Polish potato cultivars to potato virus S (PVS) were investigated at 22°C. Cultivars Tajfun and Tonacja exhibited partial resistance with systemic infection detected in some inoculated plants; cultivar Bryza was susceptible to PVS with systemic infection detected in all inoculated plants. The virus was not detectable by ELISA at 23 days postinoculation (dpi) but was detected after 40 dpi. Infection rate and viral accumulation were significantly lower in Tonacja and Tajfun than in Bryza, but no statistically significant difference between Tajfun and Tonacja was detected. Both susceptible and resistant genotypes displayed various, either common or cultivar-specific, symptoms. Delayed systemic infection at 56 dpi was observed in some cases in Tonacja and Tajfun. Resistance-related alteration of a set of miRNAs and mRNA targets in the tested cultivars in response to PVS at 22°C exhibited inter- and intracultivar variability. The majority of tested genes were altered only in the partially resistant Tajfun and Tonacja but not in the susceptible Bryza. Enhanced expression of AGO1-2, DCL1, stu-miR482 and its target Gpa2 was observed in Tonacja and plants of Tajfun in which PVS was detected, with the highest induction of Gpa2 in Tajfun (30.2-fold). However, their expression remained unchanged or decreased in plants of Tajfun in which PVS was undetected. Increased expression of stu-miR168a and stu-miR172e was observed in Tonacja and the PVS-undetected plants of Tajfun, respectively, but not in the PVS-detected plants of Tajfun. This is the first report on cultivar-specific alteration of miRNA in a potato–PVS resistance interaction.     

梨火疫病菌对噻唑锌及其他几种杀细菌剂的敏感性

噻唑锌是近期在我国登记为防治梨火疫病的新型杀菌剂。为明确梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora对噻唑锌及其他几种杀细菌剂的敏感性现状,本研究选用2016年-2020年从新疆不同地区分离的50个E. amylovora 代表菌株,通过药剂-病原菌共培养结合平板菌落法测定E. amylovora 对噻唑锌的敏感性,比较不同来源菌株的敏感性差异,并分析E. amylovora 对噻唑锌与农用链霉素、噻霉酮和春雷霉素的敏感性差异。结果表明,来自新疆不同地区、不同寄主和不同年份的E. amylovora 菌株对噻唑锌的敏感性差异明显,EC50分布在2.67~38.13 μg/mL, 平均（18.60±6.35） μg/mL。阿克苏地区阿瓦提县的杜梨分离菌株H10最敏感,EC50为2.67 μg/mL,巴州轮台县的山楂分离菌株Y126的敏感性最低,EC50为38.13 μg/mL,二者的EC50相差13.28倍。供试E. amylovora 菌株对噻唑锌的敏感性频率分布呈连续的单峰曲线,符合正态分布,将EC50平均值(18.60±6.35)μg/mL确定为新疆梨火疫病菌对噻唑锌的敏感基线,适用于新疆梨火疫病菌对噻唑锌的抗药性检测。供试E. amylovora 菌株对噻唑锌的抗性水平为0.13~2.05 (均值为1.00±0.35),均为敏感菌株,未发现抗药性菌株。相关性分析表明,E. amylovora 对噻唑锌的敏感性与农用链霉素（r=0.138,P=1.56）、噻霉酮(r=0.417,P=0.78)和春雷霉素(r=0.434,P=0.65)的敏感性之间不存在相关性(P>0.05)。本研究结果为后期评估梨火疫病菌对噻唑锌的抗药性风险奠定了基础,为制定梨火疫病的合理用药策略提供了依据。     

TMV侵染烟草诱导寄主产生细胞自噬

 细胞自噬(autophagy)—自体吞噬,是真核生物中一种高度保守并普遍存在的物质循环利用过程。为明确烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)侵染烟草是否引起细胞自噬,本研究利用TMV-U1和普通烟(Nicotiana tabacum cv. Blight yellow)为主要研究材料,利用透射电子显微镜观察、单丹磺酰尸胺(MDC)荧光染色技术、自噬标记分子ATG8f-ECFP荧光观察和荧光定量RT-PCR(qRT-PCR)分别检测TMV侵染烟草后的烟草细胞内自噬结构的形成、酸性细胞器的存在和细胞自噬相关基因(Autophagy related gene,ATG)ATG3、ATG4、ATG5、ATG6、ATG7、ATG8a、ATG18a的表达特征。结果表明,TMV侵染72 h后,在液泡边际和液泡内发现大量疑似自噬体结构。利用MDC荧光染色和ATG8f-ECFP瞬时表达技术,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察,在TMV侵染72 h后发现点状荧光信号。TMV侵染48 h后,除ATG5外,烟草ATG3、ATG4、ATG6、ATG7、ATG8a、ATG18a表达均上调并在72 h达到顶峰。表明TMV侵染后感病烟草均可检测到细胞自噬现象,推测TMV侵染普通烟可诱导寄主产生细胞自噬反应。     

不同水稻品种对负泥虫的抗性鉴定及其对产量的影响

以寒地稻田优势害虫水稻负泥虫(Oulema oryzae)为研究对象,选取黑龙江省主栽水稻品种结合田间调查和室内嗅觉选择等方法进行抗虫性试验。结果表明,供试的6个水稻品种中抗虫品种为绥粳4号,感虫品种为垦鉴5号、稻花香2号,中感品种为05345,中抗品种为丰园2号、空育131。种植抗虫水稻品种,可以实现对水稻负泥虫可持续控制。     

小菜蛾不同抗性品系及其杂交F_1代的生物适合度

构建了小菜蛾抗阿维菌素(A)、抗高效氯氰菊酯(B)和抗杀虫双(D)3个抗性品系及其6个杂交F1代(抗性品系分别两两杂交)以及1个敏感品系(S)的种群生命表,并计算了相对生物适合度。结果表明:A、B和D 3个抗性品系的相对生物适合度均比敏感品系S(生物适合度为1.0)低,分别为0.60、0.77和0.53;6个杂交F1代A♀+B♂、A♂+B♀、A♀+D♂、A♂+D♀、B♂+D♀和B♀+D♂的生物适合度分别为0.67、0.53、0.67、0.74、0.73和0.80,也比敏感品系的低,但和抗性品系的适合度相近或高于抗性品系。     

尖孢镰孢菌对抗病和感病黄瓜幼苗生长及叶片游离氨基酸的影响

为明确黄瓜对尖孢镰孢菌的抗性机理,选择黄瓜抗病和感病材料进行尖孢镰孢菌接种,以接种灭菌水为对照,分析接种后抗病和感病材料的生物学性状及叶片游离氨基酸的动态变化规律差异。结果显示:①接种后20 d,抗病材料的株高、茎粗、叶面积、总根长、根总面积、根总体积、根冠比、壮苗指数与对照差异不显著;而在感病材料中表现为染菌处理显著低于对照,其中总根长表现最为明显,较对照减少51.02%。②接种病原菌后,抗病材料游离氨基酸呈下降趋势,感病材料游离氨基酸呈上升趋势。接种病原菌后8、12、16、20d,抗病材料游离氨基酸总量几乎不受病原菌的影响,感病材料的游离氨基酸总量分别较对照增加14.05%、32.54%、56.29%、149.10%。③在测定的34种游离氨基酸中,有16种在抗病和感病材料中的变化规律明显不同。瓜氨酸和丙氨酸在抗病材料中表现为染菌处理小于对照或与对照差异不显著,而在感病材料中表现为染菌处理大于对照;酪氨酸、牛磺酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、β氨基异丁酸、鸟氨酸、赖氨酸和脯氨酸的表现则相反。接种后随着幼苗生长,瓜氨酸、天冬酰胺、磷酸丝氨酸、尿素、β丙氨酸、组氨酸、鸟氨酸和精氨酸含量在抗病材料中呈下降趋势,而在感病材料中呈上升趋势。推测瓜氨酸、丙氨酸、天冬酰胺、磷酸丝氨酸、尿素、β丙氨酸、组氨酸和精氨酸为促菌氨基酸,酪氨酸、牛磺酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、β氨基异丁酸、赖氨酸和脯氨酸为抑菌氨基酸。上述结果为黄瓜抗枯萎病育种提供参考依据和理论背景。     

Genetic analysis of Fusarium wilt resistance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.)

This study investigated the inheritance of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum (Fot) in cowpea lines. Resistant and susceptible cowpea lines were crossed to develop F₁, F₂ and backcross populations. Reaction to Fot was evaluated in 2015 and 2016 using seed soak and modified root‐dip inoculation methods. The expression of resistance reaction in the F₁ and segregation in F₂ generations indicated the role of dominant gene controlling Fot in cowpea. These results were further supported by the result of backcross (BC₁P₁F₁ and BC₁P₂F₁) progeny tests. The backcross of F₁ with the resistant parent produced progeny that were uniformly resistant, whereas backcross of F₁ with the susceptible parent produced progeny that segregated into 1:1 ratio. The F₂ segregation ratio in the reciprocal cross showed no evidence of maternal effect in the inheritance of the resistance. Allelism test suggests that the gene for resistance in TVu 134 was the same in TVu 410 and TVu 109‐1. We also identified an SSR marker, C13‐16, that cosegregated with the gene conferring resistance to Fot in cowpea.