中国西南岩溶生态系统特征与石漠化综合治理对策

以贵州省为核心的中国西南岩溶区面临双重危机:生态恶劣,石漠化严重;人口贫困,全国1/3强的贫困县分布在该地区。针对西南岩溶地区生态系统特征、石漠化分布和《岩溶区石漠化综合治理规划大纲(2006-2015)》的指导思想,提出岩溶石漠化综合治理的对策:水是龙头,土是关键,植被(经济植物)是根本,区域生态经济双赢、农民脱贫致富是目标。     

草地畜牧业是改变岩溶地区贫穷面貌的首选产业

介绍了湖南省石漠化及草地石漠化的分布,大多分布在山区、革命老区、少数民族聚居区和贫困地区,这些地区环境恶化,经济落后,财政紧张,人均收入低,石漠化现状严峻.分析了石漠化地区发展草地畜牧业的生态、经济、社会效益.对城步县发展奶业的情况进行了介绍,结果表明草地畜牧业是改变岩溶地区贫穷面貌的首选产业.     

石灰性土壤上利用天然沸石活化磷矿粉的初步探讨

在石灰性土壤上以磷矿粉和天然沸石为试材进行盆栽试验,结果表明,在石灰性土壤上沸石对磷矿粉具有较强的活化作用,能使土壤速磷增加１４．１％－５０．５％,植物磷素增加５．０％－２１．７％,大豆产量增加９．８％－２０．７％,另外,沸石的施用量也并非越多越好,在本试验中,沸石以每盆施１２．５ｇ的效果最好。     

岩成土的磁性测量及其与土壤发育的关系

应用环境磁学的方法测定了两种岩成土(红砂土和紫色土)的磁化率(χ)、频率磁化率(χfd)、非滞后剩磁(ARM)、等温剩磁(IRM )获得曲线、剩磁矫顽力(BCR)等磁性参数。结果表明两种岩成土的磁性主要受成土母岩的控制呈弱磁性特征,基本不存在超顺磁性颗粒,表现为不完整反铁磁性矿物的特征。热磁测定证明岩成土在高温下呈现明显的磁性增强现象并产生大量的超顺磁性颗粒,表现为亚铁磁性矿物的特征。岩成土的磁化率和频率磁化率与土壤的粘粒含量、游离氧化铁含量呈显著正相关关系,表现为土壤的磁性伴随成土作用程度的增大而增强, 具有十分重要的土壤发生学意义。     

Cloning and expression analysis of innate immune genes from red sea bream to assess different susceptibility to megalocytivirus infection

As suggested by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), fishes belonging to the genus Oplegnathus are more sensitive to megalocytivirus infection than other fish species including red sea bream (Pagrus major). To assess the roles of the innate immune response to these different susceptibilities, we cloned the genes encoding inflammatory factors including IL‐8 and COX‐2, and the antiviral factor like Mx from red sea bream for the first time and performed phylogenetic and structural analysis. Analysed expression levels of IL‐1β, IL‐8 and COX‐2 and the antiviral factor like Mx genes performed with in vivo challenge experiment showed no difference in inflammatory gene expression or respiratory burst activity between red sea bream and rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). However, the Mx gene expression levels in red sea bream were markedly higher than those in rock bream, suggesting the importance of type I interferon (IFN)‐induced proteins, particularly Mx, during megalocytivirus infection, rather than inflammation‐related genes. The in vitro challenge experiments using embryonic primary cultures derived from both fish species showed no difference in cytopathic effects (CPE), viral replication profiles, and inflammatory and Mx gene expression pattern between the two fish species.     

Protein markers of Marteilia sydneyi infection in Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata

Marteilia sydneyi is the causative agent of QX disease in Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata . It is responsible for disease outbreaks among oysters that occur during summer and can result in up to 95% mortality. QX disease has significantly decreased S. glomerata production in some areas of Australia's eastern seaboard over the past 30 years. Marteilia sydneyi sporulates in the digestive gland of oysters leading to complete disorganization of the infected tissues. The current study used proteomics to identify potential molecular markers of sporulating M. sydneyi infection during a field trial undertaken in the Georges River, Sydney, between December 2006 and May 2007. Early stages of M. sydneyi infection were detected by polymerase chain reaction, whilst cytological examination was used to identify sporulating M. sydneyi in the gut. Protein expression in oyster haemolymph was assessed during the M. sydneyi infection period by two dimensional electrophoresis. Proteome maps identified significant differences in the expression of four proteins in oysters with sporulating M. sydneyi infections.     

植物工厂岩棉块种苗移植机移植部件设计与试验

目前植物工厂岩棉块种苗移植装备自动化程度低,作业时大多依赖于人工,劳动强度大,效率低。基于植物工厂水培叶菜种苗移植现状设计了一种二级变间距的高速移植部件,并配备有一种拨指式定植杯分离辅助机构。对移植手取苗过程中岩棉块种苗进行受力分析,为移植手设计提供依据;开展拨指式定植杯分离辅助机构落杯试验,为后续植苗至栽培槽孔的定植杯中奠定基础。搭建移植机构试验平台,以取苗深度、岩棉块含水率、移植部件横移速度、移植手升降速度、移植手夹苗间距为试验因素进行五因素三水平正交试验,通过方差分析各因素对移植成功率的影响。试验结果表明：当取苗深度为24mm、岩棉块含水率为90%、移植部件横移速度为0.8m/s、移植手升降速度为0.24m/s、移植手夹苗间距为14mm时,机构移植成功率为97.9%,移植速度为3.132株/h,能够满足高速、高效、稳定的植物工厂岩棉块叶菜种苗移植机械化作业的技术需求。     

覆土厚度对裸岩石砾地土壤颗粒迁移过程的影响

为了明确裸岩石砾地土地整治工程中人为构建耕作层的合理覆土厚度,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究了覆土厚度对裸岩石砾地土壤颗粒迁移过程的影响。根据裸岩石砾地土地整治工程特点,试验共设计4个覆土厚度,分别为5,10,15,20cm,土柱底部装填5cm厚直径为10mm的玻璃珠,试验从土柱下端出水开始记时,共接取渗漏液6h。结果表明:(1)较厚的土层具有较好的保水蓄水能力和较强的土体稳定性,4个土层厚度的水分渗漏量均随着土层厚度增加而减小,水分渗漏速率表现为先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定的趋势;(2)土壤颗粒迁出量与土层厚度呈负相关关系,土壤颗粒累积迁出量与土层厚度的拟合关系式为:y=3.19e-0.11x(R2=0.96);(3)水分渗漏前期往往伴随着大量土壤颗粒的迁出,且土层越薄,水分渗漏量和土壤颗粒迁出量越大,随着渗漏过程的进行土壤颗粒迁出量逐渐减小;(4)迁出颗粒中粉粒含量最高,黏粒次之,砂粒含量最低,且不同粒径土壤颗粒随时间的迁出特征也不同。研究结果为裸岩石砾地土地整治提供了科学依据。     

Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid requirement of juvenile rock bream,Oplegnathus fasciatus

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the optimum dietary level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) based on growth and non‐specific immune responses in juvenile rock bream. A basal diet without EPA supplementation was used as a control, and six other diets were prepared by supplementing with 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 or 40 g of EPA per kg diet. The actual EPA concentrations of the diets were 0.5, 4.3, 8.5, 13.0, 16.8, 21.0 and 41.2 g of EPA per kg diet, and the diets were abbreviated as EPA_0.5, EPA_4.3, EPA_8.5, EPA_13.0, EPA_16.8, EPA_21.0 and EPA_41.2, respectively. Triplicate groups of fish averaging 1.06 ± 0.01 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the seven experimental diets at the apparent satiation for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed efficiency of fish fed EPA_16.8, EPA_21.0 and EPA_41.2 diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed EPA_0.5, EPA_4.3, EPA_8.5 and EPA_13.0 diets (p < .05). Superoxide dismutase activity of fish fed EPA_16.8, EPA_21.0 and EPA_41.2 diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed EPA_0.5, EPA_4.3 and EPA_8.5 diets. Fish fed EPA_21.0 and EPA_41.2 diets showed significantly higher lysozyme activity than did fish fed EPA_0.5, EPA_4.3, EPA_8.5 and EPA_13.0 diets. The broken‐line analysis of weight gain indicated that the optimum dietary EPA level was 16.7 g/kg diet. These results suggested that the optimum dietary EPA level in juvenile rock bream could be greater than 16.7 g/kg diet but less than or equal to 16.8 g/kg diet based on the broken‐line analysis and the ANOVA test of weight gain.     

不同磷源对橡胶树幼苗生长及土壤磷素组分特征的影响

通过盆栽试验及Hedley土壤磷素分组法研究了海南省玄武岩发育砖红壤上施用不同磷源对橡胶树幼苗生长的影响及土壤磷素组分变化。磷肥处理分别为不施磷处理、施用昆阳磷矿粉100 mg/kg(以全P计,下同)、施用昆阳磷矿粉250 mg/kg和施用普通过磷酸钙100 mg/kg。结果表明:施用磷矿粉和普通过磷酸钙均显著增加了橡胶树幼苗干物重、株高、茎粗和吸磷总量,但高磷矿粉处理和普通过磷酸钙处理橡胶树幼苗叶片磷含量显著降低;高磷矿粉处理取得了与普通过磷酸钙相当的肥效;磷矿粉施用后,土壤树脂提取态磷(Resin-P)、碳酸氢钠提取态无机磷(NaHCO_3-Pi)、氢氧化钠提取态无机磷(NaOH-Pi)、盐酸提取态磷(HCl-P)和残余态磷(Residual-P)等组分含量均显著增加,但碳酸氢钠提取态有机磷(NaHCO_3-Po)和氢氧化钠提取态有机磷(NaOH-Po)不受施磷影响;干物质重和吸磷总量均与土壤Resin-P、NaHCO_3-Pi和Na OH-Pi呈显著的正相关关系;磷矿粉施用11个月后,平均33.1%磷矿粉溶解在土壤中,平均43.5%的磷矿粉残留在土壤Residual-P组分中。为改善玄武岩发育砖红壤上有效磷及橡胶树磷素营养状况,应选择施用高活性磷矿粉以降低磷矿粉颗粒被大量包被的风险。