Application of low‐phosphorus‐containing legume residues reduces extractable phosphorus in a tropical Ultisol

Application of legume green manure (GM) is suggested to be effective in increasing the availability of native soil phosphorus (P) and the dissolution and utilization of phosphate rock (PR)‐P by food crops. Experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of extractable P (P extracted by Bray‐1‐extracting solution) of an Ultisol amended with or without GM residues of contrasting P concentrations in the absence of growing plants. In two separate experiments, GM residues of Aschynomene afraspera (a flood‐tolerant legume) and of Crotalaria micans (upland) with varying P concentrations were added to an acidic soil amended with PR‐P or triple superphosphate (TSP) in plastic bottles. Soil moisture was brought to field capacity of the soil in the upland experiment and saturated with distilled water in the lowland setup. This was done to simulate aerobic upland and anaerobic lowland soil conditions in the relevant plastic bottles. Only P concentration of the residues added varied, while lignin and C : N ratios were similar. A temperature of 25°C was maintained throughout the experiment. Changes in soil extractable Bray‐1‐P were measured at the end of the incubation period (60 or 80 d). In the aerobic soils, extractable P in the combined PR+GM or TSP+GM treatments was significantly lower than in the PR‐ or TSP‐ treated soils. The amendment with GM residues alone significantly increased Bray‐1‐P over the unamended control in the case of the inorganic P‐fertilized GM residues. The trend in extractable P was similar in the soils incubated under anaerobic conditions. However, in the case of PR, concentrations of P extracted by Bray‐1 solution did not significantly change in the presence or absence of GM. The results suggest that the incorporation of GM residues with low P concentration does not lead to a net P release in upland or lowland soils. These results have implications for nutrient cycling in farming systems in W Africa as most of the soils are poor and very low in available P.     

Characteristics of Brittle Failure and Stress Drop Under Triaxial Loading and Unloading

The characteristics of deformation failure and stress brittle drop of granite under loading and unloading conditions are studied respectively based on two unloading stress path cases and conventional triaxial compression experiments. The experiments show that the primary deformation of rock is rebound or tension in the (main) unloading direction, but plastic deformation in the non or sub unloading direction is not significant. And the curves of stress strain after peak strength present obvious brittle. Whilst the primary deformation of rock under loading is axial pressure deformation, and plastic deformation increases with the raise of confining pressure. The fracture is characterized by strong tensile, and all tensile cracks are fully developed. Furthermore, when the rock samples are unloaded in two directions, and even normal to unloading direction, sub unloading annular tensile cracks are produced. The shear fractures is obvious comparatively when confining pressure becomes higher, and it develops following tensile cracks with more micro tension cracks formed in two sides along shear plane. But the fracture is characterized by shear under conventional triaxial compression with little tensile cracks; the coefficients of brittles stress drop of granite is increased with the growth of confining pressure under conventional triaxial compression and reduced under unloading. When the initial confining pressure is the same, the coefficients of brittles stress drop under unloading is less than that under loading. In SchemeⅡ, the coefficients of brittles stress drop reaches negative when initial confining pressure is up to 30 MPa, and the one （R）is RⅢ>RⅠ>RⅡ in three test cases.     

Seepage Characteristics of Rock during Damage Process

Four evolution patterns of rock permeability in damage process are summarized. And how rock pore, micro cracks and lithology form the four patterns of rock permeability evolution is analyzed. The impact of confining pressure on permeability is also presented. The permeability reduces along with the increase of confining pressure before rock failure, however, it is complex after rock failure, and it is necessary to do further research. Statistical analysis is carried out to analyze the variation range of permeability in the process of damage, which shows soft rocks vary less while hard rocks vary more. In the experiments in which the confining pressure is between 1 MPa to 40 MPa, permeability variation of 85.9% rock is within 100 times, 97% within 1000 times. Furthermore, the difference between instability of seepage and that of structure under the function of seepage is distinguished. It is proposed that the presence or absence of non-Darcy flow should be considered from the point of effective stress law.     

The fractal characterization of pore structure for some numerical rocks and prediction of permeabilities

This paper uses the fractal theory of pore structures for porous media to study the fractal characterization of pore structure for nine numerical rocks. The results show that the fractal dimension of solid phase is usually greater than the pore fractal dimension, and its fractal scaling regions is less than the one of pore phase. This indicates that the numerical rock is an approximate two-phase fractal porous media. The porosities, volume fractions and permeabilities of nine numerical rocks are predicted. The results show that the fractal theory about pore structures of numerical rocks is effective in describing the porosity and permeability. Moreover, it seems to be more effective for solid phase in approximate two-phase fractal porous media. When predicting permeability using the fractal theory, it is very important to accurately determine the maximum pore size and the range of statistical self-similarity. By comparing the two kinds of predicted permeabilities,it is found that the FT method used by this paper is more accurate, more general and less computational cost than the PNEM method which has been worldwide used.     

砒砂岩地区小流域毛沟侵蚀特性分析

为探讨砒砂岩地区毛沟的形成机理,以内蒙鄂尔多斯市东一支沟小流域2005-05地形及毛沟特征要素详细测量数据为基础,分析了该流域的毛沟分布规律。结果表明,该流域毛沟数量和单位面积毛沟长度从下游到上游呈递增趋势;按毛沟的成因将其划分为自侵式毛沟和汇入式毛沟两类,并从毛沟数量、沟底比降、毛沟长度、沟底宽、沟深等方面分析了这两类毛沟的主要特征。研究结果有利于深化人们对砒砂岩地区小流域毛沟侵蚀特性的认识。     

四川盆地紫色岩风化成土的研究

对四川盆地7个主要地层组的紫色泥页岩研究结果表明，除难风化的飞仙关组页岩外，年风化崩解厚度平均达1.5-4cm。并具有季节动态变化，高温多雨的7、8、9月崩解量占全年的60%以上。岩块风化成土率（<2mm)和化泥率（<0.25mm)，除飞仙关组页岩外，每年达20-50%和2-14%以上，3年分别达50-95%和3-20%以上，遂宁组紫色泥页岩具有较高的成土率和较低的化泥率。     

考虑弹塑性耦合的单轴压缩岩样梯度塑性分析

在梯度塑性模型的基础上,假定弹性模量是塑性应变的函数,考虑应变局部化带带内和带外弹性模量的不同变化,对单轴压缩岩样作了考虑弹塑性耦合的梯度塑性分析。该模型同时反映了岩样的弹塑性耦合现象和应变局部化现象。由算例及其分析可知,应变局部化带的宽度与弹塑性耦合无关;弹塑性耦合是峰后曲线下凹部分产生的原因之一;弹塑性耦合对Ⅱ类变形行为的发生有某些抑制作用;仅考虑应变局部化带内的弹性模量与塑性应变耦合时,峰后变形曲线的下凹弯曲更为显著。     

活化磷矿粉在砖红壤上的施用效果

砖红壤酸性强和活性铁、铝含量高，对磷固定强烈，磷肥有效性低．为了提高磷肥利用率，将高分子有机化合物与磷矿粉混合加工制成活化磷矿粉，分别施用于种植甘蔗的新垦砖红壤和种植大白菜的严重侵蚀砖红壤以及种植花生的水旱轮作熟化砖红壤，结果表明：施用活化磷矿粉的肥效至少与过磷酸钙相当，甚至优于过磷酸钙．因此，为了节省生产成本和改良土壤，活化磷矿粉值得在砖红壤区推广应用。     

梅山水库消落带绿化植物选择与配置

根据梅山水库消落带地形、土壤及岩石裸露率等因子,将其划分为斜坡地、急坡地和岩石边坡3种立地,分别进行树种筛选和栽培措施研究。通过不同水位临界点各样地植物成活率和生长量对比,分析植物衰退及死亡的原因并找出替代树种。研究表明,随着坡位和海拔高度上升,植物常年受水淹时间越短,且水淹深度越浅,其植物长势提高,与此同时植物受干旱胁迫增加,植物长势于海拔119 m处达到最大值。相同淹水和干旱条件下,垂柳枝条萎蔫严重,死亡率约为55%;旱柳生长情况最好,成活率约为86%;该几种乔木树种成活率为旱柳水杉竹柳乌桕枫香垂柳,马尾松栽植于消落带上部未受水淹,因耐瘠薄而正常生长。     

都汶高速公路岩石边坡植被恢复物种选择及评价

根据植物的环境适应性特性、功能特性、经济社会效益等准则要素,运用层次分析法,对优选中准则要素的各因子进行定性和定量分析,从而找出都汶高速公路边坡生态恢复的最佳植物种类。结果表明:栾树、美丽胡枝子、多花木蓝、草木樨、高羊茅等9种抗逆性强、护坡效果好、成本低廉的植物最适宜于都汶高速公路边坡生存生长。