聚合物分子尺寸大小及其与岩石孔喉尺寸配伍关系的试验研究

为了探索和验证聚合物分子尺寸与岩石孔喉尺寸的配伍关系,以河南油田东部老油区稀油油田为例,应用数学方法、微孔滤膜过滤方法和动态光散射方法,对开展聚合物驱条件下拟使用的聚合物的分子尺寸进行试验测定,得到了双河油田不同渗透率岩石能够匹配的聚合物分子量。     

播期和耕作方法对直播晚稻产量的影响

通过试验比较不同播期与耕作方法对晚稻产量的影响,以筛选出最佳播期和耕作方法。结果表明:7月20日播种的免耕直播晚稻产量和经济效益均较高,比同播期常耕直播稻增产稻谷125.1kg/hm2,增加产值175.5元/hm2,合计节本增收715.5元/hm2。     

涪陵水稻氮磷钾肥最佳施用量研究

在重庆市涪陵区马武镇惠民村进行水稻3414肥料田间试验研究,采用三元二次施肥模型、二元二次施肥模型、一元一次施肥模型分别对试验结果进行拟合,结果表明:采用三元二次模型计算的氮、钾肥最佳施肥量偏高,由磷、钾二元二次肥料效应模型得到的磷肥最佳施肥量偏高,综合考虑得出水稻的最佳施肥量为每公顷施N 200 kg,P2O590 kg,K2O 120 kg;N,P2O5,K2O施用比例为1∶0.45∶0.6.     

设施果园自动对靶精准变量施肥控制系统

针对目前果园条施肥过程中缺乏精准变量对靶施肥装置的问题,该研究研制了一种排肥轮槽口体积可根据果树目标施肥量及冠层直径大小自动调节,排肥轮转速随施肥车速自动变化的果园精准变量自动对靶施肥装置与控制系统。该装置采用外槽轮式结构,槽口体积可连续调节自动变化。采用激光雷达传感器实时探测果树冠层位置,使用霍尔传感器检测施肥车行驶速度,以STM32F407VET6单片机为核心设计了控制器。分别以尿素、复合肥、有机复合肥3种颗粒肥料为试验材料,标定了不同排肥轮槽口开度在不同排肥轮转速下的排肥量,单个槽口排肥量与排肥轮转速呈负线性关系,决定系数R2不小于0.93;建立了单棵果树目标施肥量与排肥轮转速、施肥车速、槽口体积以及果树冠层直径4个变量之间的关系及排肥轮转速控制规则。室内台架试验结果表明,单棵柑橘树实际施肥量与给定目标施肥量相对误差最大为5.17%,变异系数最大为1.47%,可在施肥车速变化情况下准确施用不同颗粒肥料。大棚柑橘果园自动对靶施肥试验结果表明,单棵柑橘树实际施肥量与给定目标施肥量相对误差最大为4.83%,变异系数最大为6.96%,且施肥均在果树冠层直径范围内完成。该装置能够根据果树冠层直径大小对靶按需施肥,适应不同种类颗粒肥的少量或较大量定量施肥,满足不同大小果树不同需肥量的精准变量自动施肥要求。     

复合侵蚀作用下砒砂岩坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征

明晰砒砂岩坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒输移特征是研究黄河泥沙淤积问题的关键。采用水力、风力、冻融复合侵蚀实体模拟技术,研究在35°坡度和110 mm/h雨强条件下单一水蚀、冻融+水蚀、冻融+风蚀+水蚀3组不同侵蚀动力复合作用下,砒砂岩坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒变化特征。结果表明:砒砂岩坡面在单一水蚀作用下以整体侵蚀为主,侵蚀泥沙颗粒变化稳定;冻融+水蚀作用下粗颗粒产出明显,冻融作用对粗颗粒的影响凸显;冻融+风蚀+水蚀作用下坡面稳定性最差,侵蚀泥沙颗粒变化最剧烈。复合侵蚀作用下坡面侵蚀过程以搬运粒径较大的泥沙颗粒为主;各粒级侵蚀泥沙颗粒随侵蚀动力的增加起伏变化剧烈。     

Transfer of carbon incubation parameters to model the SOC and SON dynamics of a field trial with energy crops applying digestates as organic fertilizers

The fertilization with organic amendments and digestates from biogas plants is increasingly used to increase carbon stock and to improve the soil quality, but little is still known about their long-term effects. A common method to analyse organic amendments and their mineralization is incubation experiments, where amendments get incubated with soil while CO₂ release is measured over time. In a previous study, carbon models have been applied to model the carbon dynamics of incubation experiments. The derived parameters describing the carbon turnover of the CCB model (CANDY Carbon Balance) are used to simulate the SOC and SON dynamics of a long-term field trial. The trial was conducted in Berge (Germany) where organic amendments like slurry, farmyard manure or digestates were systematically applied. To grant a higher model flexibility, the amounts of crop residues were calculated for roots and stubble separately. Furthermore, the mineralization dynamics of roots and stubble are considered by the model parameters for each crop. The model performance is compared when using the dry matter and carbon content received from the field trial and the incubation experiments, to evaluate the transferability. The results show that the incubation parameters are transferable to the field site, with rRMSE < 10% for the modelled SOC and rRMSE between 10% and 15% for the SON dynamics. This approach can help to analyse long-term effects of unexplored and unusual organic fertilizers under field conditions, whereat the model is used to upscale the C dynamics from incubation experiments, considering environmental conditions.     

小粒牧草种子丸粒化包衣数值模拟与试验

针对小粒牧草种子丸粒化包衣时包衣质量不高、丸化合格率较低等问题,该研究采用理论方法,分析种粉颗粒在包衣锅内的运动过程、受力情况,构建种粉颗粒与包衣锅相互作用力学模型,获取影响种子包衣质量的主要因素。利用EDEM软件模拟包衣设备中不同结构参数下物料混合情况,探究结构参数对种粉混合效果的影响,以粉料的变异系数为评价指标,以包衣机甩盘直径、包衣机边缘倾角和包衣机转速为影响因素开展优化试验,得到最优参数组合为包衣机甩盘直径309.9 mm、包衣机边缘倾角61.9°和包衣机转速10.1 r/s。利用搭建的物理试验平台进行种子丸粒化包衣验证试验,结构参数优化后的包衣锅物理试验平均丸化合格率得到提升。进一步优化种子丸粒化包衣质量,探究粘结过程中粉料、药液对丸粒化包衣的影响。对丸粒化包衣机进行工艺参数正交试验,得到最佳工艺参数组合为单次供粉量为10 g、单次供液量为15 mL和包衣时长为7 min。在最优工作结构参数与工艺参数组合下,种子丸粒化包衣试验质量较高,研究结果可为其他不规则种子包衣提供参考。     

动物油脂热压联合提取装置设计与试验

提高病死畜禽胴体中的油脂提取率是实现病死畜禽进一步资源化的关键,为此该研究设计了一种动物油脂热压联合提取装置。首先基于静力学和热传递分析,结合动物油料特性,对关键部件压力机构和油脂提取机构进行了设计,并对加热、加压和可编程控制系统分别进行了关键参数设计和设备选型,最后选取板油进行了装置性能试验,并对提取的油脂进行了黏度测试。结果表明：在70～150℃范围内,单独温度和热压联合两种油脂提取方法的最佳温度均为130℃,在此温度下油脂提取率最高分别可达到59.15%和81.35%。相同温度下,热压联合油脂提取率较单独温度作用最高可提升31.21个百分点。减小油料规格对单独温度作用可明显提高油脂提取率,而对热压联合油脂提取率无明显影响。在高于130℃试验温度下进行热压联合油脂提取,能够达到油脂完全提取效果,所提取油脂在70～150℃温度范围内测得黏度为0.004～0.091 Pa·s,符合工业用润滑油黏度标准。     

双动刀沙棘枝条切割参数分析与试验

针对国内缺少沙棘专用机械收获装备、探明沙棘枝条最优切割参数组合,该研究设计了双动刀沙棘枝条切割试验台并开展沙棘枝条切割试验,确定了切割装置关键结构参数,基于LabVIEW开发了沙棘枝条切割特性测控系统和数据采集软件。通过单因素试验探究平均切割速度、刀具滑切角、刀刃高度和动刀组数对单位直径峰值力及单位面积切割功耗的影响;采用Box-Behnken多因素试验设计方法,以平均切割速度、枝条喂入速度和刀具滑切角为试验因素,以单位直径峰值力和单位面积切割功耗为评价指标建立回归模型。试验结果表明,评价指标随着平均切割速度、刀具滑切角和刀刃高度的增大而减小,在双动刀时比单动刀时数值更小。通过响应曲面法优化回归模型,确定最优切割参数组合为平均切割速度0.45 m/s、枝条喂入速度0.64 m/s、刀具滑切角9.4°,该组合下单位直径峰值力为53.33 N/mm,单位面积切割功耗为69.87 N/mm²,模型误差小于5%,切割参数优化结果准确。研究结果可为后续沙棘枝条收获装备的研发提供数据支撑。     

Effect of supplying P to a portion of the soybean root system on root growth and P uptake kinetics 1

Abstract

Knowledge of the effect of supplying P to portions of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) root system on P influx kinetics and root growth is important in developing P fertilizer placement practices for efficient fertilizer use. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of restricting P supply to portions of the root system on plant P status, root growth, and P influx kinetics. Two solution experiments were conducted in a controlled climate chamber. Phosphorus influx kinetics were determined on 25‐day‐old soybean plants that had been grown with 100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5% of their roots initially exposed to P. Phosphorus influx kinetics were also measured on 25‐day‐old plants that had been P‐starved for the last 1, 2, 4, and 6 days prior to the determining P influx kinetics in order to relate plant P status to P influx kinetics.

Reducing the portion of the roots supplied with P reduced P uptake. This resulted in a reduction in plant P concentration and was related to a 3.41‐fold increase in maximum P influx measured on 25‐day‐old plants. Restricting the proportion of roots supplied with P had no significant effects on the Michaelis‐Menten constant or on the concentration in solution where net influx was zero. Root growth rate of the roots in the P containing solution was not significantly different from those in the ‐P solution.

Phosphorus uptake was correlated with final root surface area exposed to P (r² = 0.88??). Starving the plants for P reduced P concentration in the shoot and root and this resulted in as much as a 1.68‐fold increase in maximum influx.