坛紫菜天然红色变异体的分离与特性分析

在坛紫菜栽培群体中发现一棵红色块与野生色块相嵌的颜色变异叶状体,在实验室进行红色藻块的体细胞再生克隆培养,获得了纯红色变异体。与野生型相比,红色变异体在叶状体的形态、颜色、生长速度、成熟、藻胆蛋白及叶绿素含量等方面均存在着明显的差异。红色变异体的颜色呈铁锈红色,体形宽大,生长速度明显快于野生型,培养400多天仍不成熟。与野生型相比,它的叶状体活体吸收光谱除各吸收峰的峰值有变化外,第4个吸收峰的峰顶(藻蓝蛋白的吸收峰)向短波方向移动了约3 nm,表明其藻红蛋白的结构有可能发生了改变。另外,它的藻红蛋白(PE)和叶绿素a的含量均显著增加,但藻蓝蛋白(PC)的含量有所下降,使得PE/Chl. a和PC/Chl. a的比值较高, 但PE/PC比值较低。培养400 d的红色变异体的体细胞再生体中,正常叶状体和畸形叶状体的百分数分别为78.49%和19.81%,根丝细胞苗占1.7%,未见细胞团出现,说明该变异体的不成熟是由叶状体的细胞分化严重延缓所致。     

CO2浓度升高和磷素亏缺对黑麦草气孔特征及气体交换参数的影响

为深入理解未来大气CO2浓度升高背景下草地生态系统结构与功能响应土壤磷亏缺的潜在机理,该研究利用可精准控制CO2浓度的大型人工气候室,探讨了正常CO2浓度400 μmol/mol、升高CO2浓度800 μmol/mol和磷素供应水平（0.004、0.012、0.02、0.06、0.1和0.5 mmol/L）对黑麦草气孔特征及其气体交换过程的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高使供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的气孔密度增加约35%（P=0.012）和25%（P<0.001）,但却减小气孔开度13%（P=0.002）和12%（P=0.005）,且导致供磷水平为0.06 mmol/L的黑麦草气孔分布更加规则。同时,CO2浓度升高还导致供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的净光合速率显著增加8.6%（P=0.002）和15.8%（P<0.001）,从而提高黑麦草的水分利用效率。另外,不同供磷水平明显改变了植株生物量及其分配,且高浓度CO2对较高磷水平时地上生长产生更强的施肥效应。研究结果将为深入理解草地生态系统对大气CO2浓度升高和土壤磷素亏缺的响应机理提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

两种环境下玉米单倍体注射法与自然加倍研究

以玉米杂交种正大619为母本,单倍体诱导系桂诱1号诱导其产生的单倍体为材料,在温室大棚和大田两种环境下,采用秋水仙素注射法和自然加倍法进行单倍体加倍处理,对两种环境下不同加倍方法的散粉率和吐丝率进行方差分析。对散粉率的分析表明,在温室大棚环境下散粉率比在大田中有极显著提高,温室大棚中注射法与自然加倍散粉率分别是12.02%和13.97%,大田中分别为9.27%和6.87%。不同环境与加倍处理方法间的互作有显著差异,在温室大棚环境下,自然加倍法对提高散粉率的效果最好。对吐丝率的分析表明,吐丝率在温室大棚与大田环境之间有显著差异,大棚环境中注射法与自然加倍吐丝率分别是99.30%和99.37%,大田中分别为97.76%和96.36%。在育种基地创造适宜的玉米单倍体生长环境,自然加倍法也能够获得可观的雄穗散粉率,并提高雌穗吐丝率,从而提高单倍体育种效率。     

哈耶克的“社会秩序二元论”与村治模式型构的双重维度

村民自治是农村治理的一种有效方式。通过把哈耶克的“社会秩序二元论”作为理论基础和整体分析的框架,认为当前我国村民自治应体现为自发性演进与强制性变迁两种村治模式交互运用,而总的趋势则是由“人造的秩序”向“自生自发的秩序”过渡,即由国家权力支持的外在强制型转变为村庄自主内生的秩序。     

Spontaneous adenocarcinoma with giant cell formation in the accessory sex glands in a male Sprague-Dawley rat

In this study, we report the features of an adenocarcinoma with giant cell formation spontaneously occurring in the accessory sex glands of a male 10-month-old Sprague-Dawley rat. A milky white mass was found in the region corresponding to the left seminal vesicle and the left coagulating gland. Histologically, tumor cells exhibited diverse growth patterns, including glandular/trabecular, cystic, and sheet-like growth areas. The tumor cells were pleomorphic, with round- or oval-shaped nuclei and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Mitotic figures were occasionally observed. Giant cells were also prominent in the sheet-like growth area, with intracytoplasmic vacuoles containing eosinophilic material. The stroma was rich in collagen fibers and fibroblasts. Numerous inflammatory cells were observed in the glandular and cystic lumina and stroma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In the sheet-like growth area, some of the tumor cells and giant cells were positive for vimentin in the cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus. Electron microscopy revealed that the tumor cells contained a small number of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and had no basement membrane or desmosome. The giant cells occasionally contained variably sized intracytoplasmic lumina and globular filamentous bodies, probably corresponding to vimentin. Considering these morphological features, the tumor was diagnosed as an adenocarcinoma with the formation of giant tumor cells originating from the male accessory sex glands.     

药用植物人工诱导多倍体育种的研究进展

多倍体是一种有效的育种途径,多倍体药用植物具有器官巨大,产量高,具有重要的经济价值和药用价值。回顾了近年来人工诱导多倍体的原理和方法,并总结了药用植物人工诱导多倍体的研究进展以及应该注意的几个关键问题。     

玉米单倍体诱导材料的鉴定和快速选系技术研究

对5个玉米单倍体诱导材料以及7个选系基础材料的单倍体诱导、自然加倍等进行了研究分析。结果表明,不同诱导材料的单倍体诱导率存在较大差异,单倍体诱导率可能存在超亲优势。同一诱导材料不同的基础材料间单倍体诱导率差异不显著,单倍体诱导率不因基础材料的不同而异。单倍体自然加倍率的高低与种植环境关系密切,与基础材料无关。     

加拿大披碱草-野大麦三倍体杂种加倍植株同工酶分析

分析了加拿大披碱草-野大麦三倍体属间杂种F₁加倍植株的同工酶酶谱特征。结果显示:同一生育阶段杂种自然加倍植株与加倍F₁代植株在EST、POD和SOD酶带的数目、位点及强弱方面具有一致性和遗传稳定性,而与杂种F₁代及亲本的酶带表型差异显著,从酶蛋白分子水平证明该杂种F₁染色体加倍是真实的;加倍植株抽穗期旗叶的EST、POD酶谱中分别呈现9和4条酶带,分蘖期幼叶的EST、POD、SOD酶谱内分别呈现8、4和4条酶带,有多态性位点的特征酶带可作为杂种加倍后代育性恢复鉴定的遗传标记的候选位点;对供试材料不同生育阶段做同工酶酶谱对比分析,比单一生育阶段更能反映其酶带表型的遗传差异性,提高同工酶电泳技术鉴定结果的准确性。     

A synthetic hexaploid (2n = 42) oat from the cross of Avena strigosa (2n = 14) and domesticated A. magna (2n = 28)

A synthetic hexaploid oat was produced by chromosome doubling of a sterile triploid hybrid between cultivated Avena strigosa (2n = 14) cv. Saia and a domesticated form of A. magna (2n = 28). The synthetic hexaploid was intermediate between its parents in panicle shape and lemma color, similar to the tetraploid parent in spikelet structure, and to the diploid parent in having a single, albeit partially shriveled seed per spikelet, and low protein content. By the third generation, plants with yellowish lemmas, mostly two seeds per spikelet and better filled grains had been selected. Rust resistance of the diploid parent was retained in the synthetic hexaploid, but not tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus disease (BYDV). Chromosome associations at meiosis in the triploid hybrid was low, with over 60% of them being univalents. Bivalent association was the rule in the synthetic hexaploid with an occasional one or two quadrivalents. Regular meiosis with 21 bivalents was observed in further generations. The preferential pairing of homologous chromosomes in the synthetic hexaploid was probably contributed by the A. strigosa genome which exhibits this tendency in artificial allopolyploid situations. Selection of yellow lemma color and two seeds per spikelet suggests that the genes controlling these traits are located on the chromosomes involved in quadrivalents in the synthetic hexaploid. The potential and limitations of utilizing the synthetic hexaploid in oat research and breeding are briefly discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.