嘧菌酯·氰霜唑30%水悬浮剂配方的研究

对嘧菌酯·氰霜唑30%水悬浮剂的助剂进行配方筛选,确定配方组成为嘧菌酯21%、氰霜唑11%、THB-3 1%,THB-4 4%、乙二醇5%、苯甲酸钠0.1%、黄原胶0.1%、硅酸镁铝1%、AF-9903 0.3%,水补至100%。对该制剂的性能指标悬浮率,自发分散性,持久起泡性,热贮稳定性等,进行了测试评估,结果证明该制剂的各项指标均符合水悬浮剂的标准要求,并且药效显著、用量低、无药害、对环境友好。     

普洱茶水提物与硝苯地平联用降压效果研究

观察普洱茶水提物对硝苯地平降压效果的影响。采用雄性SHR大鼠50只,按照平均尾动脉压随机分为模型组（M组）、硝苯地平3.1βmg·kg^-1组（1/2临床剂量）(N.L组)、硝苯地平6.2βmg·kg^-1组（临床剂量）（N.H组）、硝苯地平3.1βmg·kg^-1+普洱茶水提物0.5βg·kg^-1组（N.L+D.L组）、硝苯地平3.1βmg/kg+普洱茶水提物1.0βg·kg^-1组（N.L+D.H组）,每组10只,另设10只动物作为正常对照组（C组）。分组次日灌胃给予相应药物,每天2次,上午给予硝苯地平,下午给予普洱茶水提物,灌胃间隔3~4βh,每周对各组动物血压进行检测,持续4周。结果表明,大鼠给药4周后,硝苯地平6.2βmg·kg^-1组大鼠尾动脉平均血压为(139±6)βmmHg（1βmmHg=0.133βkPa）,与M组的(157±13)βmmHg比较显著降低（P<0.05）;N.L+D.H组大鼠尾动脉平均血压为(136±11)βmmHg,与M组的(157±13)βmmHg比较显著降低（P<0.05）,与硝苯地平6.2βmg·kg^-1组的（139±6）βmmHg相比,降压效果相当（P>0.05）。研究表明,普洱茶水提物配合硝苯地平使用,可增强硝苯地平对SHR大鼠的降压功效,其降压效果与临床剂量硝苯地平单独使用相当,且对心脏具有一定程度的保护作用。     

Review of doubled haploid production in durum and common wheat through wheat × maize hybridization

Production of doubled haploids (DHs) is an important methodology to speed the process of breeding and development of mapping populations in crops. The procedure for DH production includes two major steps: haploid induction and chromosome doubling. In recent years, wide hybridization between wheat and maize has become a main approach for haploid production in wheat. In this method, the maize chromosomes are completely eliminated during the early development of the hybrid seeds after wheat spikes were pollinated with maize pollen. Numerous wheat cultivars and mapping populations have been developed using wheat–maize hybridization. In this study, we review the procedures of DH production of durum and common wheat via wide hybridization with maize, the factors which affect the efficiency of DH production, and the mechanism of selective elimination of the maize genome during the early development of the hybrid embryos. We also report a highly efficient protocol for DH production in durum and common wheat, which was established based on the optimal conditions for each of the factors that affect the efficiency of DH production.     

开发实用的染色体加倍体系构建成烟草DH群体

通过对4种染色体加倍方法(烟草浸花药法、浸花培苗法,叶片再生法及浸腋芽法等)的比较研究表明：以4g／L浓度的秋水仙碱浸泡花药法加倍率最高达47．5％～75％,其次为叶片再生法(30％～36．67％)和浸苗法(16．67％～32．35％),而浸腋芽法较低(17．78％)。前两种方法加倍率虽高,但有较高畸形苗比率,叶片再生法工序较繁琐。作者认为烟草加倍单倍体产生,应以采用浸苗法为主。在使用秋水仙碱浸苗加倍时,添加DMSO可明显促进秋水仙碱的加倍效率,且促进作用随时间延长而提高：从高效、快捷和节约等原则考虑,我们开发了烟草有效的染色体加倍体系,以4g／L的秋水仙碱 20g／LDMSO溶液浸苗48h的效果最好。对两个组合烟草单倍体苗浸12h以上,其染色体加倍效率达到对照的2．30-2．93倍。本试验用较低浓度秋水仙碱添加DMSO有利于节约实验费用。通过完善染色体加倍技术程序已构建成2个DH群体,供基因定位研究。     

Lesions in the Larynx of Wistar RccHan: WIST Rats

Specific regions in the rat larynx exhibit cellular changes in response to inhaled xenobiotics. These regions include the base of the epiglottis, ventral pouch, and medial surfaces of the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages. 1 , 2 In order to collect information on the usefulness of trimming techniques, the influence of different vehicles, the impact of different application routes in toxicity studies, and differences between induced vs. spontaneous lesions, the data obtained from a large number of inhalation and non-inhalation studies performed in Wistar RCCHan(TM): Wist rats at Harlan Laboratories Ltd Switzerland, all evaluated or reviewed by the same pathologist, were compiled for a detailed review. The value of different trimming techniques was deemed to be greatest for transverse and sagittolongitudinal section techniques, as compared to horizontolongitudinally section techniques. The comparison of lesions encountered in control rats of inhalation studies treated with different vehicles did not reveal differences in the type, distribution pattern, incidence and/or severity of spontaneous lesions. The types of lesions were also independent of different application routes in non-inhalation studies compared to inhalation studies. The pattern of spontaneous lesions in the rodent larynx was determined by degenerative and inflammatory lesions starting most often in the submucosal glands by desiccated secretion followed by mineralization and local inflammation or were induced by impacted foreign bodies. Squamous metaplasia was recorded in the respiratory epithelium overlaying the ventral gland as a spontaneous lesion in male Wistar rats from inhalation studies with a maxim of 20.0% in an inhalation oncogenicity study. Induced metaplastic changes recorded in the larynx were reversible. Other induced lesions in inhalation studies consisted of submucosal edema, necrosis, inflammation and/or granuloma. Induced lesions in non-inhalation studies were found to be exclusively related to reflux laryngitis or food impaction. It is concluded, that in rodents induced lesions of the larynx differ in type, distribution pattern, severity and incidence from spontaneous lesions.     

诱致性节育：农村计生新政策

计划生育是我国的基本国策,是实现人口与经济资源可持续发展的必然保证。通过历史回顾和对比分析,我们认为,以高压政策为主的强制性节育,虽然达到了控制农村人口过快增长的目的,但严重地损害党群干群关系;而自发性节育政策,是以农民生育观念改善和较高的社会经济发展水平为前提,在当前中国一时难以产生预想效果,反而引起农民的误解,招致新一轮生育小高峰;所以本文提倡“奖励为主,惩罚为辅”的诱致性节育政策,通过构建具有实际益处的社会保障机制可以更好地逐步引导农民自觉节育,实现人口与经济社会协调发展。     

Identification of the spontaneous 7BS/7RL intergenomic translocation in one F1 multigeneric hybrid from the Triticeae tribe

The F1 AABBRH^ch hybrids studied here were produced by crosses between the Portuguese triticale cultivar 'Douro' (AABBRR) and the tritordeum line HT9 (AABBH^chH^ch). Fluorescent in situ hybridization performed with genomic DNA probes genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) from rye and Hordeum chilense allowed the unequivocal parental genomes discrimination in all hybrids. Among 55 plants, one presented a spontaneous wheat–rye translocation which was successfully detected after GISH. Recombinant chromosomes identification was made after reprobe with pTa71 and pSc119.2. Nine rDNA loci were detected by pTa71 and pSc119.2 identified the chromosome arms involved in the translocation, after comparing the observed hybridization patterns with those described by several authors. We identified the spontaneous wheat–rye translocation as being the 7BS/7RL. Many wheat–rye translocations have been found (e.g. 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS), but as far as we know, this is the first time that this translocation is reported. We considered it helpful for wheat breeding programmes as it could provide the transference of interesting agronomic characteristics from rye (e.g. leaf rust resistance) to wheat.     

普洱茶提取物对自发性高血压大鼠降压研究

采用自发高血压大鼠（SHR）进行普洱茶提取物降压功效的研究。给予普洱茶提取物0.25、0.5、1.0、2.0g/kg灌胃4周,观察动物的血压、心率、体重变化。结果显示,以普洱茶提取物1.0g/kg和2.0g/kg灌胃4周,对动物的平均动脉压、收缩压和舒张压均有降低作用,与模型组间存在显著差异（P<0.01）。普洱茶提取物0.25g/kg和0.5g/kg组动物血压较模型组没有显著性改变。普洱茶提取物2.0g/kg可提高动物的心率,有抑制其体重增长的趋势;其他剂量组动物的心率及体重增长均无显著变化。研究表明,普洱茶提取物对自发高血压大鼠具有降压作用,且具有剂量依赖性。     

二倍体栽培马铃薯高效遗传转化体系的建立

【背景】马铃薯是最重要的块茎类粮食作物。栽培马铃薯以四倍体为主,但四倍体遗传和薯块繁殖增加了马铃薯改良的难度。因此越来越多的科学家呼吁在二倍体水平进行马铃薯的再驯化,将马铃薯驯化成种子繁殖作物。自然界中存在4个二倍体马铃薯原始栽培种,这些二倍体栽培种中蕴含着丰富的遗传变异,但是它们的遗传转化体系尚未成熟。【目的】建立高效的二倍体栽培马铃薯遗传转化体系,为二倍体马铃薯优良等位基因和分子育种提供工具。【方法】以二倍体栽培种马铃薯(Solanum phureja)CIP 703541为试验材料,利用绿色荧光蛋白基因(green fluorescent protein,GFP)作为报告基因,对遗传转化体系进行摸索,主要包括:预处理培养时间、诱导再生的激素比例、抗生素浓度以及转化效率。另外,利用同样的激素组合对17份不同基因型的二倍体马铃薯原始栽培种进行了测试,比较各个材料在不同激素浓度条件下的再生效率,筛选出再生效率较高的激素组合进行大量遗传转化;对再生苗进行生根筛选、荧光观察和PCR鉴定,统计阳性植株的概率。用流式细胞仪检测阳性植株的倍性,以分析再生植株发生染色体加倍的频率。【结果】预处理培养时间为2 d的外植体浸染效率最高。二倍体材料CIP 703541最适合再生出芽的激素配方为2.0 mg·L~(-1)玉米素(zeatin,ZT)﹕0.01 mg·L~(-1)奈乙酸(naphthaleneacetic acid,NAA)。再生阶段抗生素卡那霉素(kanamycin,Kan)的最适筛选浓度为100 mg·L~(-1),生根阶段的最适筛选浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)。通过对不同基因型进行筛选,获得3份再生能力较强的二倍体马铃薯材料(CIP 703308、CIP 703312和CIP 703541)。它们响应的激素配方各不相同,在添加了100 mg·L~(-1)卡那霉素的再生培养基中,3份材料的再生效率分别为45%、40%和52%。通过大规模遗传转化证明,3份材料的转化率分别为2.8%、4.2%和5.3%。经流式细胞仪检测,所获得的马铃薯阳性植株中四倍体的比例较高,CIP 703308、CIP 703312和CIP 703541的阳性转化植株中二倍体的比例分别为5.26%、10.53%和38.46%。【结论】建立了高效的二倍体马铃薯遗传转化体系,获得了3份再生能力较强的二倍体材料。另外,发现二倍体马铃薯在经过遗传转化之后再生植株中染色体加倍的比例较高。     

不同化学试剂和处理方式加倍小麦单倍体植株的效果

【目的】长期以来,小麦单倍体植株染色体加倍主要采用移栽前秋水仙素溶液通气浸泡分蘖节方法,该方法存在操作复杂、污染环境等问题,而且秋水仙素毒性较强、用量较大、价格较高。本研究的目的是建立小麦单倍体植株简便、安全、高效的加倍方法,寻找可以替代秋水仙素用于小麦单倍体植株加倍的化学试剂。【方法】通过小麦品系Fielder花药培养,小麦品种科农199、新春9号和小麦品系CB037、中国春（CS）与玉米自交系郑58杂交获得小麦单倍体植株,小麦品系中国春与甘肃黑麦杂交获得小麦-黑麦双单倍体植株,利用0、5、10和20 mmol·L^-1秋水仙素溶液分别采取分蘖节加注、叶片涂抹和培养基表面添加方式对不同来源小麦单倍体植株进行加倍,并采用培养基表面添加0、30、60和120 μmol·L^-1甲基胺草磷、炔苯酰草胺和氟乐灵溶液对小麦单倍体植株及小麦-黑麦双单倍体植株加倍,比较不同加倍方法和3种除草剂的加倍效果,确定各个加倍试剂的适宜浓度。【结果】不同浓度秋水仙素溶液（0、5、10和20 mmol·L^-1）加注小麦与玉米杂交单倍体植株分蘖节部位对小麦单倍体植株不具有加倍效果,不宜在小麦单倍体植株加倍中采用。10 mmol·L^-1秋水仙素溶液涂抹拔节期小麦单倍体植株叶片的加倍率为7.7%,其他3个秋水仙素溶液浓度没有加倍成功,也不适合小麦单倍体植株加倍。培养基表面添加4个浓度秋水仙素溶液处理小麦花药培养单倍体植株的加倍率分别为26.7%、42.9%、73.3%和85.7%。表明培养基表面添加秋水仙素溶液对小麦单倍体植株的加倍效果最好,适宜浓度至少为20 mmol·L^-1。培养基表面添加0、30、60和120 μmol·L^-1炔苯酰草胺溶液处理小麦与玉米杂交单倍体植株的加倍率分别为0、0-57.1%、28.6%-75.0%和0-100%,其他2种除草剂处理小麦与玉米杂交单倍体植株没有成功;培养基表面添加120 μmol·L^-1炔苯酰草胺溶液处理小麦与黑麦杂交双单倍体植株的加倍率为9.0%,添加其他3个浓度炔苯酰草胺溶液和其他3种加倍试剂均没有结实。【结论】60-120 μmol·L^-1浓度炔苯酰草胺溶液对小麦单倍体植株加倍具有较好效果,培养基表面添加适宜浓度秋水仙素和炔苯酰草胺溶液对小麦单倍体植株加倍有效,而且简单易行。