不同施肥模式在菜心栽培上的应用效果

[目的]为了验证木薯加工废弃物转化有机肥产品ZH-2在菜心上的应用效果。[方法]设单施复合肥(处理1)、单施有机肥ZH-2(处理2)、有机肥ZH-2+复合肥配施(处理3)3种施肥模式,以不施肥(CK)为对照,通过田间栽培试验研究不同施肥模式对菜心农艺性状、品质及产量的影响。[结果]在同等养分条件下,3种施肥模式在菜心农艺性状和产量上的表现均在0.01水平显著优于不施肥模式,而有机肥ZH-2+复合肥配施模式(处理3)在菜心栽培上的应用效果最为突出,其农艺性状表现最好,品质较高,分别比单施复合肥和单施有机肥ZH-2增产24.27%和44.47%。[结论]在菜心生产中配施有机肥ZH-2+复合肥是一种值得应用推广的施肥模式,为菜心优质高产奠定基础。     

餐厨垃圾联合厌氧消化研究进展

餐厨垃圾中有机物及水含量高,可生化性强,其厌氧消化既可减少环境污染,又可以沼气等形式回收生物质能.但餐厨垃圾C/N值及含油、含盐量高,单独厌氧消化易出现酸化及系统不稳定等问题.然而,餐厨垃圾的联合厌氧消化可根据不同物料的特性,有效提高系统稳定性及产气效率,并促进废物资源化.该研究分析了餐厨垃圾的特征,总结了餐厨垃圾与其他有机垃圾联合厌氧消化的常见类别,分析了相关影响因素,并指出了还需解决的问题及发展方向.     

Urban Waste Management and Potential Agricultural Use in South American Developing Countries: A Case Study of Chimborazo Region (Ecuador)

In South America, a high percentage of urban waste streams are not well managed, implying associated health and environmental risks. In Ecuador, around 2.7 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) are generated annually, with 80 percent located in urban areas. Correct management and hygienic and ecological issues from these increased quantities of waste is the responsibility of municipalities that must provide sewerage, wastewater treatment, and solid waste management, according to the Constitution of the Republic (Art 264). With only seven licensed landfill areas out of thirty-one in total (66 percent mechanized and 34 percent manually sorted), a sustainable waste management model must be developed to reduce environmental hazards and also to obtain new bioproducts such as compost or fertilizers. Agricultural utilization of MSW compost is the most cost-effective management option compared to traditional means such as landfilling or incineration, and this option also enables the recycling of potential plant nutrients. In this work, the problem we addressed was to obtain analytical information about representative MSW samples from different origins and locations within the Chimborazo region in order to establish its potential for composting. In the studied MSW samples (which included sludge from aerobic wastewater treatment plants), high nutrient contents and low concentrations of heavy metals were observed, showing great potential to develop high-quality compost. In addition, improvement of separate collections of food market and/or municipal gardening wastes can provide specific clean waste streams of degradable materials to be managed separately from not separately collected MSW.     

Behavior of Impatiens wallerana Hook. F in Alternative Pot Substrates: Mechanisms Involved and Research Perspectives

The approach to select new growing media, has been focused on selecting materials only from the physical point of view. The objective of this study was to describe the physiological mechanisms involved in I. wallerana growth when cropped on a broad range of growing media created from alternative components. Results showed a close relationship between I. wallerana growth and fine particle size at the beginning of the experiments. Shoot fresh weight was determined mainly by the root system size. There were small differences in the relative growth rate (RGR) between the control substrate and the thirty alternative substrates tested. The lower RGR values resulted from a decrease in the net assimilation rate and the leaf area ratio. The mechanism involved would be associated with a change in photosynthate partitioning, which favored root growth. A close relationship between growth (as total dry weight) and nitrogen content was found as well.     

SPE-HPLC法检测噻吩磺隆在北京棕壤土中的消解

为明确噻吩磺隆在北京地区棕壤土麦田环境下的消解动态,建立了使用固相萃取小柱前处理结合高效液相色谱分析方法 (SPE-HPLC),并对田间小区试验样品进行分析,结果表明:利用磺酰脲类专用固相萃取小柱前期净化分离,高效液相色谱分析回收率76.14%~86.48%,相对标准偏差5.22%~7.93%。田间实验结果显示,75%噻吩磺隆水分散粒剂推荐用药量为45.0g/hm2,其在土壤中的消解符合动态方程C=0.212e-0.34t(r2=0.993),半衰期是2.03d,消解95%需8.98d;加倍用药量为90.0g/hm2时,其在土壤中的消解动态方程C=0.397 3e-0.36t(r2=0.952),半衰期是1.92d,消解95%需8.75d。结果表明,该除草剂在北京棕壤土麦田中降解较快,施药14d后均未检出噻吩磺隆在土壤中的残留,对当季小麦株高没有影响。     

施用产沼废弃物和堆肥对蕹菜生长的影响

[目的]比较施用不同畜禽粪便产沼废弃物和堆肥对蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica Forsk)生长和产量的影响,为产沼废弃物和堆肥在绿色蔬菜上的应用提供科学依据.[方法]以蕹菜为材料,基于342 kg/ha的施氮水平,分别以猪粪、鸡粪的不同畜禽粪便的沼液、沼渣和堆肥及牛粪的沼渣和堆肥施于蕹菜,设8个处理,以不施肥作对照,测定各处理蕹菜的产量、株高、鲜重、干重、上市时间、生长期、养分含量及土壤的养分含量,以分析其对蕹菜生长的影响.[结果]各处理中,以鸡粪沼液和猪粪沼液处理的蕹菜产量、株高、鲜重和干重都最高,其次是鸡粪沼渣、鸡粪堆肥、猪粪沼渣和猪粪堆肥处理,牛粪沼渣和牛粪堆肥处理最低.猪粪和鸡粪沼液处理的蕹菜生长期缩短为10～20d,猪、鸡粪沼渣和堆肥处理为20～30 d,而牛粪处理的蕹菜生长期没有缩短,为30～40 d.蕹菜的养分吸收方面,猪粪和鸡粪沼液处理氮的吸收最高,猪粪沼渣处理磷吸收最高,猪粪沼液和鸡粪沼液处理的磷吸收最低,鸡粪沼液处理钾吸收最高.蕹菜收获后鸡粪堆肥处理土壤氮含量最高,沼液中磷含量低.[结论]鸡粪和猪粪沼液适于短期有机蕹菜种植,其次是猪粪、鸡粪的沼渣和堆肥.建议沼液、沼渣和堆肥配合施用,单施沼液则需补充磷源.     

高强度地膜应用对棉花生产及地膜回收的影响

为探讨高强度地膜对棉花生产和地膜回收的影响,于2020年在新疆维吾尔自治区阿拉尔市棉花地对4种不同配方的高强度PE地膜和1种传统PE地膜进行实地测试,统计分析不同地膜覆盖棉花的种植及生产性状,并对使用后的残留地膜进行回收。结果表明：高强度地膜能够明显提高棉田0~5 cm土层的土壤温度,且其透湿量为20.7~35.7 g·m^-2·d^-1,显著低于传统PE地膜,具有良好的增温保墒功能。高强度地膜覆盖显著增加了棉花出苗率和真叶长出率（P<0.05）,较传统PE地膜更利于棉花的生长和产量的提高,增产率为3.1%~4.7%。除此之外,高强度地膜在使用前后拉伸负荷和断裂标称应变指数整体上均高于传统PE地膜,更有利于地膜的回收,一次性机械加人工回收率高于83%,具有较高的经济效益。研究表明：高强度地膜在新疆棉田具有较好的增温保墒作用,较传统地膜更利于棉花的生长和发育,且回收效率和回收后的残膜再利用率均较高,具有很好的综合效益,但高强度地膜在更广泛区域和作物上的应用仍需进一步评估和确认。     

赣州“五美”乡村建设背景下农药包装废弃物回收处置 现状与思考

开展农药包装废弃物回收处置是降低农村生态环境污染、实现乡村环境美的重要措施。为探索农药包装废弃物回收处置切实可行的工作方法,本文简述了赣州试点县开展农药包装废弃物回收处置工作的运行模式,分析了存在的问题及困难,并提出了工作建议及下步对策。     

园林废弃物堆肥对铅镉污染土壤的修复效果

为明确园林废弃物堆肥（GWC）对重金属污染土壤的修复效果,通过小白菜盆栽试验,向铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）污染土壤中分别按0（CK）、1%、3%、5%的施用量添加GWC和泥炭,研究不同单一/混合处理对土壤酶活性,Pb、Cd在土壤孔隙水中浓度和在土壤中赋存形态的影响,并探究小白菜地上部和根部Pb、Cd积累转运的关系。结果表明：各处理3%和5%的施用量显著提高了土壤酶活性,5%泥炭对提高脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性更显著,5% GWC对提高脲酶和磷酸酶活性更显著。土壤孔隙水Pb浓度在第1~7 d时随不同处理的施用量增多而降低;5% GWC及5%混施处理在第1 d时的Pb浓度与CK相比分别降低了78%和56%。不同处理中孔隙水Cd浓度在第1 d时均高于CK,其中5% GWC相比CK增加了70%;泥炭处理中Cd浓度随时间延长呈现先上升后下降的趋势。3%和5%处理下土壤酸溶态Pb、Cd显著减少,残渣态显著增加,植株地上部和根部Cd含量显著下降,富集系数和转运系数也相应降低,其中5%混合施用效果最显著。Pb含量在3%和5% GWC施用下显著上升。研究表明,单一、混合施用GWC及泥炭对土壤中Pb、Cd有显著的钝化效果,且泥炭对于降低植物体重金属积累的效果好于GWC。     

农村生活垃圾治理的困境与完善路径——以甘肃省渭源县为例

农村生活垃圾已成为农村环境污染的重要来源,严重破坏了农村的生态环境,导致农村人居环境问题突出,加强农村生活垃圾治理成为建设美丽乡村的重要举措。通过对甘肃省渭源县8个乡镇的实地调研,发现当地在生活垃圾治理过程中存在垃圾分类难度大、资金短缺、治理主体单一、地方立法不完善等问题。结合当地实际,进而从树立环保理念、增加投资力度、健全多元主体治理体系和完善治理规范等方面提出对策建议。