IUCN Red List of freshwater fishes and lampreys in Flanders (north Belgium)

Red Lists are used to assess the extinction risk of species. Regional IUCN criteria were applied to categorise 42 indigenous freshwater fish species in Flanders into Red List categories. As such, three species are assessed as Regionally Extinct, eight as Critically Endangered, two as Endangered and eight as Vulnerable. A further five species are considered Near Threatened, 15 species as Least Concern and one species is Data Deficient. Five species disappeared from the Regionally Extinct category compared with the previous Red List (1988) as a consequence of improved water quality of estuaries and reintroduction programmes. In total, 62% of the freshwater fish species in Flanders was considered extinct or threatened. This is higher than neighbouring regions and Europe as a whole (44%). This new Red List of freshwater fishes in Flanders can be used to inform conservation actions.     

基于耕地非市场价值的三峡库区消落带生态休耕补偿标准研究

[目的]对三峡库区消落带耕地非市场价值进行评估,为生态休耕经济补偿标准的厘定提供参考。[方法]通过双边界二分式CVM法开展评估和分析。[结果](1)受访者基本可以构建起CVM假想市场,问卷理解度调查显示受访者的理解度达84.73%,调查可信度较高。(2)受访者支付意愿存在较大差异,农户愿意支付率达到75.65%,城镇居民愿意支付率仅占到64.80%。(3)Probit回归模型与Logit回归模型分析表明,收入状况是影响受访者支付意愿的主要因素。[结论]以受访者单位耕地支付意愿1 516.76元/(hm~2·a)作为该区的生态休耕经济补偿标准,则所涉及的三峡库区9区县消落带耕地的非市场价值约为30.15亿元。     

理想点法在土壤肥力等级评价中的应用

建立利用理想点法进行土壤肥力综合评价的新模型,并通过实例研究评价效果,取得了满意的结果,与集对分析法和模糊综合评价法相比,该评价模型严谨,评价结果合理,为土壤肥力综合评价提供了一种简单而适用的评价方法。     

基于不同类型学习者需求的优秀教师标准研究

不同学历层次和性别的学生对优秀教师的需求和评价标准有同亦有异。评价优秀教师的标准应以学生需求为导向。作为一名优秀教师,不仅要有专业知识,而且要有良好的职业道德和敬业精神,善于用先进的教学方法和育人本领培养德、智、体全面发展的人才。     

Plant characteristics associated with weed competitiveness of rice under upland and lowland conditions in West Africa

Weeds are a major constraint to rice (Oryza spp.) production in West Africa. Superior weed competitive rice genotypes may reduce weed pressure and improve rice productivity. Two upland and two lowland experiments were conducted in southern Benin to examine genotypic variations in weed-suppressive ability and grain yield under weedy conditions, and to identify plant characteristics that could be used as selection criteria for improved weed competitiveness. A total of 19 genotypes, including Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima genotypes and interspecific hybrids developed from crossing O. sativa and O. glaberrima, were grown under weed-free and weedy conditions in an upland with supplemental irrigation and in a flooded lowland. In weedy plots, hand weeding was done once or not at all. Mean relative yield loss across all genotypes due to weed competition ranged from almost 0% to 61%. Large genotypic variations in weed biomass and grain yield under weedy conditions were found. Visual growth vigor at 42 and 63 days after sowing (DAS) under weed-free conditions significantly correlated with weed biomass at maturity in both upland and lowland experiments (R² = 0.26–0.48). Where weed pressure was low to moderate, with mean relative yield loss less than 23%, the multiple regression models using grain yield and plant height at maturity or only grain yield measured under weed-free conditions as independent variables could explain 66–88% of the genotypic variation in grain yield under weedy conditions. At higher weed pressure (mean relative yield loss: 61%), as observed in one of the upland experiments, biomass accumulation of rice at 42 days after sowing was associated with higher grain yield under weedy conditions. Biomass accumulation also significantly correlated with visual growth vigor at the same sampling dates. Therefore, we conclude that grain yield, plant height at maturity and visual growth vigor at 42–63 DAS under weed-free conditions appear to be useful selection criteria for developing superior weed competitive rice genotypes.     

农用地征收补偿费分配机制探讨

分析了目前土地征收补偿费分配的现状和原因,建立了征地补偿费分配机制,提出了土地征收补偿费分配对策。     

氟乐灵对淡水生物的毒性特征及水生生物基准研究

通过毒性试验,得出氟乐灵对15种代表性水生生物的毒性数据,分别采用目前国际上常用的三种基准推导方法,推导氟乐灵的水生生物基准值。结果显示：评价因子法、物种敏感度分布法和毒性百分数排序法得出的基准值分别为0.007 5、0.075、0.071 mg·L-1。评价因子法得出的基准值较低,原因在于该方法主要依赖敏感物种的毒性值推导基准值,有时会造成过保护。物种敏感度分布法和毒性百分数排序法得到的基准值比较接近,大于评价因子法得到的基准值,而且这两种方法基准值的推导都需要较多的水生生物毒性数据,得出的基准值可以保护绝大多数水生生物。研究得到的氟乐灵水生生物基准值将为农药水质标准的制订及农药水生生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

4种金色叶树木对SO2胁迫的生理响应

近年来 SO₂污染比较严重,它对植物有着多方面的影响。因此,越来越多的学者开始关注这方面的问题。彩叶植物在丰富园林景观及降低环境污染方面占用重要的地位,它们也被认为是净化城市空气最有效的途径之一。 旨在阐明4种彩叶树种耐SO₂污染机制,对丰富植物耐SO₂研究的理论、科学评价植物抗SO₂污染能力以及指导园林绿化科学选择树种等具有重要理论和现实意义。研究采用人工模拟熏气的方法对金叶女贞、金叶莸、金叶风箱果和金叶红瑞木4种金色叶树种的2年生苗木进行不同浓度的 SO₂ 胁迫,研究了参试树种的外观受害症状及膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性等生理指标对 SO₂ 的反应,并采用模糊数学隶属函数法和灰色关联度法对其抗SO₂能力进行了综合评价。结果表明: 4种金色叶植物对 SO₂ 均具有一定的净化能力,表现为随着 SO₂ 浓度的增加膜透性增大,丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和硫含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶以及过氧化氢酶活性上升,叶绿素含量先增后降,叶液 pH 值下降。但4种金色叶树木对 SO₂ 的净化能力有差别,其中金叶红瑞木的净化能力强最大,金叶女贞和金叶风箱果的净化能力为中等,而金叶莸的净化能力最差。这与其含硫量的顺序一致,却与其对SO₂的抗性大小即金叶女贞> 金叶莸> 金叶红瑞木>金叶风箱果完全不同,说明这四种植物对 SO₂ 的吸收能力与其对该气体的抗性不完全一致。但这不能表明抗性差的树种在兰州地区不能应用,因为,兰州市空气中的SO₂实际污染程度与研究所设置的最低浓度相比仍属安全浓度。在所选的10个指标中,丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、脯氨酸、过氧化物酶活性、叶绿素和可溶性糖等指标均可作为金色叶植物对 SO₂ 抗性的重要鉴定指标,而S含量和叶液 pH 值在评价植物对SO₂抗性能力时并不具有重要性。4种植物的受害程度与其SO₂抗性相反,说明受害症状可以作为判断其对SO₂抗性大小依据。     

水稻超高产育种的理论和方法

 水稻超高产育种是当前世界性的热门课题，也是难题。现在我国人口已近十二亿，水稻是我国粮食生产的大头。高产更高产，难度越来越大。它的超高产育种，既无现成的理论和方法可循，就只能摸索前进。本文试图将几十年来多少人的汗水心血所凝成的宝贵经验，全面加以分析整理，藉以进一步完善过去所提出的理想株形与优势利用相结合的大方向，优化性状组配以及杂交后代选择标准等理论和方法，以供国内外同行参考试用。     

垃圾堆放场周边土壤重金属含量的分析及污染评价

土壤重金属污染日益受到关注,重金属是垃圾渗滤液的主要成分之一。本文对苏北某市的一废弃垃圾堆放场周围的农田土壤进行分析,通过测定重金属的全量以及有效态含量来评价垃圾场的污染程度。结果表明垃圾场周边农田土壤Cd含量超过国家土壤质量二级标准,说明垃圾场周围的土壤可能存在重金属Cd的农产品污染风险。Hg、As、Pb、Cr四种元素的含量均高于非污染土壤,但都未超过土壤质量二级标准。随着距离的增加土壤重金属含量呈现出减少趋势,垃圾堆放点对周边大约150m范围内的土壤产生重金属污染。