Bentonite-humic acid improves soil organic carbon,microbial biomass,enzyme activities and grain quality in a sandy soil cropped to maize (Zea mays L.) in a semi-arid region

A bentonite-humic acid (B-HA) mixture added to degraded soils may improve soil physical and hydraulic properties, due to effects such as improved soil structure and increased water and nutrient retention, but its effect on soil physicochemical and biological properties, and grain quality is largely unknown.  The effect of B-HA, added at 30 Mg ha⁻¹, was studied at 1, 3, 5 and 7 years after its addition to a degraded sandy soil in a semi-arid region of China.  The addition of B-HA significantly increased water-filled pore space and soil organic carbon, especially at 3 to 5 years after its soil addition to the soil.  Amending the sandy soil with B-HA also increased the content of microbial biomass (MB)-carbon, -nitrogen and -phosphorus, and the activities of urease, invertase, catalase and alkaline phosphatase.  The significant effect of maize (Zea mays L.) growth stage on soil MB and enzyme activities accounted for 58 and 84% of their total variation, respectively.  In comparison, B-HA accounted for 8% of the total variability for each of the same two variables.  B-HA significantly enhanced soil properties and the uptake of N and P by maize in semi-arid areas.  The use of B-HA product would be an effective management strategy to reclaim degraded sandy soils and foster sustainable agriculture production in northeast China and regions of the world with similar soils and climate.     

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile (up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term (since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK (control), NP (inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers), NPKM (NPK plus manure), and M (manure). Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009. C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009. The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer (NP and NPK) treatments. The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP, NPK, NPKM, and M treatments (compared with the CK treatment) increased by 38, 115, 383, and 381%, respectively, for wheat and 348, 891, 2 738, and 1 845%, respectively, for maize. Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate (cfPOC), fine free particulate (ffPOC), intramicroaggregate particulate (iPOC), and mineral-associated (mSOC) organic carbon fractions. In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009, soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments: mSOC>cfPOC>iPOC>ffPOC. All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments, manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer (0–20 cm) but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer (80–100 cm). This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients, especially N, compared to inorganic fertilization treatments. The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics, which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.     

Effects of different concentrations of super-absorbent polymers on soil structure and hydro-physical properties following continuous wetting and drying cycles

Super-absorbent polymers (SAPs) are widely used chemical water-saving materials, which play an active role in the accumulation of soil water and the improvement of soil structure. Little is known about their performance with repeated usage or about factors influencing their efficiency under alternate wetting and drying cycles. In this study, various concentrations of SAP (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) in soil following three continuous wetting and drying cycles (T1, T2 and T3), were studied to determine effects on soil structure stability and hydro-physical properties. The results indicated that the SAP improved soil water supply capacity under conditions of mild drought (T2) and sufficient irrigation (T3) at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3%, but a reduction was observed under severe drought conditions (T1), which was negatively correlated with the SAP concentration. The physical adsorption of the SAP by soil and the chemical connection between the SAP and soil mineral colloids as Si-O-Si bonds, -OH bonds and different crystalline silica were the important factors that directly lead to the reduction of water retention capacities of the SAP with alternating wet and dry conditions. Compared with the control, the soil liquid phase ratios of the SAP treatments were increased by 8.8–202.7% in the T1 and T2 cycles, which would have led to a decrease in the soil air phase ratios. After repeated wetting and drying cycles, the SAP treatments increased the amount of >0.25 mm soil aggregates and the contents of water-stable macro-aggregate (R_0.25), and decreased the amount of <0.053 mm soil aggregates, especially with higher concentrations of the SAP. Increases in mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD), and declines in fractal dimension (D) and unstable aggregates index (E_LT) were all observed with the SAP treatments, which indicated an improvement in soil stability and structure. It was concluded that the distribution and stability of soil aggregates and soil water supply capacity was closely related to SAP concentration, soil moisture condition and the interaction between the SAP and soil particles.     

基于田块尺度土壤重金属空间分布及其生态风险评价

为了揭示田块尺度上土壤重金属污染特征及空间分布,以河南省新乡县翟坡镇某冬小麦种植农田为研究对象,采集了202个农田表层0~20 cm土壤和40个0~100 cm剖面土壤样品,分析了土壤样品中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni和Mn的含量特征,运用地统计分析中的普通克里格插值法研究土壤重金属的空间分布规律,并结合地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对研究区土壤重金属的生态风险进行评价。结果表明,研究区表层土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni和Mn均值为0.95、24.35、6.40、35.52、319.60、21.76mg·kg^-1和157.32 mg·kg^-1。Cr、Cd、Pb含量均超过河南省土壤重金属含量背景值,其中Cr、Cd含量超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 15618—2018）筛选值,点位超标率分别为98%和100%。总体来看,土壤重金属含量随着剖面深度增加而降低,调查区南部的部分区域重金属含量偏高。从地质累积指数法与潜在生态危害指数法两种方法来看,Cd污染最为严重,生态风险较高,应当对该区域土壤Cd污染采取一定的调控措施。     

设施土壤障碍分析与平衡肥施用效果研究

对宿城区设施土壤进行采样测定与分析,明确土壤养分污染的主要障碍因子,根据土壤所缺养分设计平衡肥配方,研究平衡肥施用在作物增产提质与消除土壤污染方面的作用效果。实验室分析测定与田间试验结果表明：（1）宿城区代表性设施土壤总体上存在有机质含量和有效磷水平偏低的问题;部分土壤存在次生盐渍化现象,土壤速效氮、速效钾含量水平总体偏高,但变异较大,少数土壤仍存在氮素和钾素供应不足的问题。（2）土壤水溶性盐含量变异很大,高浓度导致土壤存在盐渍化危害,低浓度导致土壤养分供应强度不能满足作物生长基本需求;部分土壤水溶性K⁺/Mg²偏高、部分土壤K⁺/Mg²偏低,多数土壤Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺严重偏低。（3）根据土壤养分、盐分状况配制的平衡肥,具有促进作物高产优质、降低土壤污染负荷的作用,其中以450 kg/hm²处理效果较为突出。     

生物有机肥配施硅钙钾镁肥对西瓜产量、品质及土壤养分的影响

为科学减少化肥用量,改善土壤结构和环境,研究生物有机肥和硅钙钾镁肥对作物生长和改善土壤养分方面的作用,以‘L600’小果型西瓜为研究对象,设置生物有机肥配施硅钙钾镁肥并减少底肥化肥用量等4个处理,以常规施肥作为对照,研究上述肥料对西瓜产量、品质及土壤养分的影响。结果表明：生物有机肥配施硅钙钾镁肥与常规施肥相比,产量提高8.05%,心糖含量提高13.08%,边糖含量提高5.77%,维生素C含量提高18.57% ,总酸含量降低31.25%、硝酸盐含量下降18.22%。两种肥料对改善土壤环境具有积极作用,土壤pH、有效磷、速效钾含量对比常规施肥明显升高。在此条件下减少底肥化肥施用,能够保证西瓜产量和品质,是一种有效的减量施肥方法。     

长期施肥对不同深度稻田土壤团聚体磷素分配的影响

长期磷肥投入显著增加了耕层土壤各团聚体组分中磷素累积,而作为评判磷素是否向地下水迁移的重要指标,深层土壤团聚体磷素分配对长期磷肥投入的响应仍缺乏系统评估。本研究依托始于1981年红壤稻田长期定位试验,选取不施磷肥（NK）、氮磷钾化肥（NPK）和氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理,在长期试验40年后（2020年）,分别采集0~20、20~40、40~60 cm深度的土壤样品,测定了全土和各团聚体组分的总磷和有效磷含量,并探讨了施肥-团聚体质量百分比-团聚体磷素之间的内在关系。结果表明,所有施肥处理均表现为>2 mm团聚体质量百分比随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低,与NK处理相比,磷肥施用显著提高了0~20 cm和20~40 cm全土和团聚体组分中有效磷含量,且NPKM处理的增幅最大。与NK处理相比,NPKM处理下0~20、20~40cm和40~60 cm各团聚体总磷含量分别提高了2.14~2.60、1.39~2.80倍和27.03%~180%,各团聚体有效磷含量增幅分别为12.95~18.29、7.57~12.31倍和70.67%~709%。同时,NPKM处理总磷和有效磷的增幅呈现出随着团聚体粒径的增大而逐渐增加的趋势。水稻吸磷量和磷素盈余量也表现为NPKM处理最高,NPK处理次之,NK处理最低。进一步分析发现,团聚体总磷和有效磷含量主要受磷素盈余量的影响,且团聚体中的有效磷含量还受总磷含量的直接调控。研究表明,40年长期有机无机肥配施显著影响红壤稻田表层和深层团聚体磷素分配,且>2 mm团聚体组分中有效磷含量的响应最为敏感,通过调控磷素盈余可以显著影响团聚体中磷分配。     

稻田入土生物质炭自然陈化过程理化特性变化规律

为探究生物质炭入土后其长期理化特性变化,以水稻秸秆生物质炭为试验材料,通过分析长期定位试验田中的入土生物质炭样品,探究了稻田土壤中生物质炭的理化特性变化规律。结果表明,入土生物质炭颗粒随时间推移经历持续性物理破碎,平均孔径显著降低,入土11年后,生物质炭比表面积从初始的55.0 m²·g^-1增大到259.0 m²·g^-1,氢与碳的摩尔比从最初的0.423提升至0.568,不饱和度显著提升。入土生物质炭C=O（1 600~1 630 cm^-1）和C—O—C（1 080 cm^-1）的骨架振动强度和芳香族C—H（790 cm^-1）的平面振动均增强,其含氧官能团的类型和含量呈现明显增加的趋势。与此同时,入土生物质炭的可热降解组分占比不断提高,热稳定性逐渐降低。研究表明,与实验室老化模拟试验结果明显不同,受诸多外力作用和环境因素的影响,稻田中入土生物质炭的理化特性发生了更显著的变化,稳定性随着时间的推移逐年降低。因此,为精准科学评估稻田生态系统生物质炭化还田的固碳减排效应,开展入土生物质炭长期稳定性分析测试与相关评价模型研究十分必要。     

长期施肥对砂姜黑土大孔隙形态和数量特征的影响

为探明长期施肥对砂姜黑土大孔隙结构的影响,本研究选取37 a田间定位试验的5个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、等氮条件下有机肥与化肥配施（MNPK）和高氮条件下有机肥与化肥配施（HMNPK）,通过X射线CT扫描原状土柱（直径7.4 cm,高20 cm）,利用图像处理技术进行土壤孔隙三维结构重建。结果表明,各处理下土壤团聚体结构内部以及团聚体之间均存在大孔隙,尤以M处理数量最多;分形维数和各向异性由大到小次序分别为HMNPK>M>MNPK>NPK>CK和MNPK>CK>M>NPK>HMNPK。与CK相比,有机肥配施处理（M、MNPK、HMNPK）的大孔隙度分别增加7、6、10个百分点,大孔隙数量分别增加41.5%、33.3%、26.8%。HMNPK处理孔径分布呈剧烈的双峰曲线波动,第一和第二峰值分别出现在395~577 μm和1 545~1 701 μm处。主成分分析表明,<126 μm孔径主要受粉粒含量影响,126~500 μm孔径受容重影响,500~2 500 μm孔径则受砂粒含量、黏粒含量、连通性和分形维数等多因素综合影响。研究表明,有机肥和无机肥长期配施,可显著改善砂姜黑土大孔隙数量和形态特征,尤以HMNPK处理效果最佳,而NPK处理效果不明显。分形维数和连通性可作为砂姜黑土结构改良的定量评价指标。     

玛纳斯河流域土壤水稳定同位素特征及运移机制

干旱区土壤水分垂直方向运移与分配,特别是膜下滴灌绿洲地区土壤水分垂直方向分布现状与运移机制尚不清楚。为探究干旱区农田生态系统水分层贡献问题,阐明农田土壤中水分运移过程,于2019年沿新疆玛纳斯河流域农田土壤进行分层采样,依次为0~5、5~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100 cm。测定了稳定同位素δD和δ¹⁸O值,对同位素δD和δ¹⁸O值进行数据分析。结果表明： δD和δ¹⁸O最大值位于0~5 cm土层,分别为-25.64‰和-0.19‰; δD和δ¹⁸O最小值位于20~40 cm土层,分别为-108.32‰和-8.19‰。0~5 cm土层δD和δ¹⁸O值较高,表明上层比下层更易受水分蒸发作用影响,存在强蒸发效应。随土层深度增加,δD和δ¹⁸O值呈减小趋势,其中80~100 cm土层变化趋势缓慢。氘盈余值表现为山地>平原>荒漠>山前。研究表明,受长期膜下滴灌影响,加之蒸发作用强烈,玛纳斯河流域土壤水分迁移过程发生改变。