基于作物生长模型与机器学习算法的区域冬小麦估产

为精准、高效、实时地实现区域冬小麦产量估算,以河南省鹤壁市淇县桥盟乡石桥村为研究区,基于分辨率10 m的Sentinel-2多时相光学遥感影像,利用集合卡尔曼滤波(Ensemble Kalman filter, EnKF)算法同化PROSAIL辐射传输模型反演的多期叶面积指数(Leaf area index, LAI)到PyWOFOST作物生长模型中实现一定数量不同长势单点产量的估测,最后利用建立的机器学习模型和面域数据反演区域冬小麦产量,实现作物生长模型与机器学习算法的应用耦合及一种新的区域冬小麦估产模式。研究基于Sobol参数敏感性分析法量化对贮藏器官总干重质量(Total dry weight of storage organs, TWSO)与LAI_max的敏感性参数,并基于反演的多期LAI和粒子群优化(Particle swarm optimization, PSO)算法优化与LAI_max相关的TDWI、TBASE、CVS、CVL敏感性参数,将其输入到PyWOFOST模型中,利用EnKF算法和时序LAI数据调整对TWSO相关的AMAX...     

基于低成本惯导和运动约束的农机高精度定位系统研究

北斗定位系统(BDS)能够实现厘米级的定位,在农机导航系统中获得了广泛应用。然而,单纯的卫星定位系统存在一些局限性,比如易受外界遮挡、数据频率低等。因此,在导航系统中集成惯性元件并发展组合导航技术成为重要研究方向。考虑到高性能惯导成本很高,不利于推广应用,本文研究了农业场景下,使用低成本惯导和BDS构成组合导航系统。为提高定位精度,解决由BDS中断导致误差发散的问题,设计了零速修正。同时,分析了BDS/INS组合导航系统中航向角误差不可观测的原因和误差来源,设计了航向约束方法。当BDS信息可用时,利用双天线航向角信息来抑制航向角误差的累积;当BDS中断时,使用零角速度修正。通过现场实验验证,当BDS可用时,零速修正可以将位置、速度和水平姿态的精度分别提高20%、40%和15%以上,航向约束可以将航向角精度提高90%以上;BDS中断时,零速修正可以将位置、速度的精度提高90%以上,水平姿态的精度提高80%以上,航向约束可以将航向角精度提高40%以上。     

外包滤料对暗管排水与土壤脱盐效果的影响

为了探究不同外包滤料条件下的暗管排水性能和土壤脱盐效果,基于室内试验研究成果,在田间设置4种暗管排水系统(各系统中暗管埋深均为80 cm,间距均为20 m),所用外包滤料分别为68 g/m²土工布(L)、砂滤料(S)、68 g/m²土工布+砂滤料(LS)和无外包滤料(W),以当地常规明沟排水(CK)作为对照,通过田间试验分析了春灌过程中各暗管系统的排水性能指标及土壤脱盐效率.结果表明:相比处理W,处理L,S和LS平均排水速率提升了7.44%,12.55%和15.75%,平均流量衰减度降低4.07%;处理S和LS累积排水量提高了5.11%和8.31%(P<0.05).各暗管处理春灌后平均土壤脱盐率均达47%以上,较CK提升显著,其中处理LS效果最优,为50.94%.综上,应优先选择处理LS作为河套灌区暗管排水系统外包滤料布设方案.该研究结果可为河套灌区暗管排盐技术的推广应用提供理论支撑和科学指导.     

Mechanochemical properties of ordinary and dark muscle myosins from seawater fish

Myosin was isolated from two types of muscle, ordinary and dark muscles, of three species of fish living in sea water. The compositions of light chains were visualized by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the mechanochemical activity was examined by in vitro motility and ATPase assays. Ordinary muscle myosin of either species had three species of light chain, whereas dark muscle myosin had another two species of light chain judged by SDS-PAGE. Sliding velocity of ordinary muscle myosin was in the range of 4.92–6.89 μm/S, whereas that of dark muscle myosin was in the range of 3.07–4.25 μm/s. Therefore, ordinary muscle myosin showed 1.26–1.95 times higher sliding velocity than dark muscle myosin in either species. The ratios of V_max of actin-activated Mg²⁺-ATPase activity of ordinary to dark muscle myosins were correlated quite well to the ratios of sliding velocity. Activity of ordinary muscle myosin was comparable to that of mammalian fast muscle myosin, but that of dark muscle myosin was twice of that of mammalian slow muscle myosin. These results may reflect the essential role of fish dark muscle myosin always used in slow cruising.     

Feeding has the largest effect on the ammonia excretion rate of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, and the western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion of spiny lobsters Jasus edwardsii and Panulirus cygnus, was determined in relation to temperature, body weight, emersion, daily rhythm and feeding. Temperature and body weight had large influences on the rate of TAN excretion. Exponential relationships were found between temperature (T) and TAN excretion of both species. These were described by the following equations: J. edwardsii Log₁₀ TAN=0.041T−3.57 (r²=0.979, F=143.2, P=0.001), P. cygnus Log₁₀ TAN=0.057T−3.90 (r²=0.987, F=302.2, P<0.001). TAN excretions of both species were positively correlated to body weight (W), and the relationships were described by the following equations: J. edwardsii Log₁₀ TAN=0.473 log₁₀ W−1.704 (r²=0.42, F=14.05, P=0.001), P. cygnus Log₁₀ TAN=0.499 log₁₀ W−1.346 (r²=0.69, F=44.18, P<0.001). TAN excretion increased significantly when lobsters were re-immersed after a 30 min period of emersion. However, it returned to pre-emersion levels by the second hour of re-immersion. Daily rhythm resulted in a significantly higher nocturnal TAN excretion rate for J. edwardsii; no daily rhythm was observed for P. cygnus. Feeding had the largest influence on TAN excretion, with maximum increases of 6.28 (J. edwardsii) and 5.60 (P. cygnus) times the pre-feeding level. TAN excretion rates remained significantly higher than the pre-feeding levels for an extended period (26 h, J. edwardsii; 30 h, P. cygnus). Implications for the use of purging tanks in lobster holding facilities and for the design of biofiltration systems are discussed.     

植被缓冲带对地表径流阻控效果调查及模拟

为了定量分析和评价植被缓冲带对地表径流的阻控效果,对大沽河流域两岸典型植被进行了现场调查及取样,并利用VFSMOD模型初步探讨了植被缓冲带的作用。根据实地调查,获得了大沽河8个典型位置的缓冲带参数。结果表明:大沽河流域植被缓冲带主要由杨树、松树等高大乔木,罗布麻、碱蓬等灌木植物和结缕草、野艾蒿等草本植物组成; 这些植被对地表覆盖度较高,可有效地拦截泥沙、增加地表粗糙度,对地表径流具有良好的阻控效果。利用VFSMOD模型对北岔河村、仁兆镇拦河闸、程家小里村和后路家村4个缓冲带的地表径流阻控效果进行了模拟,结果表明:4处植被缓冲带分别可以拦截0.8,0.7,0.7,0.4 mm/min以下降雨强度产生的地表径流; 在植被缓冲带宽度和源区宽度同时变化的情况下,4处植被缓冲带宽度分别达到8,20,1,5 m时,对泥沙拦截率达到0.95以上。因此,大沽河两岸现存植被缓冲带可以对泥沙起到较好的阻控作用。     

小麦专用涂层缓释一次肥在冬小麦生产上的应用效果

为了明确小麦专用涂层缓释一次肥在冬小麦生产上的应用效果,分别在中水肥和中低水肥2种肥力的地块上,以施用普通化肥（尿素和磷酸二铵）为对照,研究了底施小麦专用涂层缓释一次肥对小麦长势、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明：施用小麦专用涂层缓释一次肥的小麦长势良好,秸秆粗壮,抗倒伏;中后期无需追肥也能满足小麦整个生育期的养分需求,省时省工;产量性状得到显著改善,籽粒产量和外观品质明显提高,增收节支合计收益高达2300元／hm2以上。小麦专用涂层缓释一次肥在小麦生产上有较好的应用效果和应用前景,可在生产上广泛推广应用。     

多酶金缓释尿素对土壤氮素形态和含量及油菜产量的影响

采用盆栽试验和室内分析化验相结合的方法,研究了多酶金缓释尿素对油菜田土壤氮素及油菜植株全氮含量、氮肥利用率和土壤氮素依存率的影响。结果表明,多酶金缓释尿素在石灰性褐土中抑制尿素水解显著有效作用时间在油菜移栽后20 d以内,20 d以后多酶金缓释尿素处理的土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和无机氮分别为5.26,9.08,14.34 mg/kg,显著高于多酶金尿素和普尿;多酶金缓释尿素处理的土壤有机氮、全氮和植株全氮比多酶金尿素和普尿分别提高了13.55%,13.67%,9.85%和21.75%,21.82%,19.60%,且差异显著;多酶金缓释尿素处理的氮肥利用率最高,为45.19%,土壤氮素依存率和氮素损失最低,分别为40.13%和1.21 g/盆,而多酶金尿素处理的油菜产量比多酶金缓释尿素和普尿分别提高了5.38%,8.11%,这可能与肥料释放养分特点和油菜生长特性有关。