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Milking performance of milking machines that matches the production capability of dairy cows is important in reducing the risk of mastitis, particularly in high‐producing cows. This study used a simulated milking device to examine the milking performance of the milking system of 73 dairy farms and to analyze the factors affecting claw vacuum. Mean claw vacuum and range of fluctuation of claw vacuum (claw vacuum range) were measured at three different flow rates: 5.7, 7.6 and 8.7 kg/min. At the highest flow rate, only 16 farms (21.9%) met both standards of mean claw vacuum ≥35 kPa and claw vacuum range ≤ 7 kPa, showing that milking systems currently have poor milking performance. The factors affecting mean claw vacuum were claw type, milk‐meter and vacuum shut‐off device; the factor affecting claw vacuum range was claw type. Examination of the milking performance of the milking system using a simulated milking device allows an examination of the performance that can cope with high producing cows, indicating the possibility of reducing the risk of mastitis caused by inappropriate claw vacuum.  相似文献   
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The right and left lungs of 5 healthy Minipigs and of 13 healthy Landrace piglets were isolated, perfused at constant pressure and maintained in an isogravimetric state under zone III conditions (pulmonary venous pressure>alveolar pressure). By applying the double, arterial and venous, occlusion technique, the total blood flow resistance (R t) was partitioned into four components: arterial (R a), pre-(R a) and post-capillary (R v) and venous (R v). The capillary filtration coefficient (K f,c) was evaluated by measuring the weight gained by the lungs when the arterial and venous pressures were suddenly increased. In the youngest Landrace piglets (5 weeks old), there was an uncontrolled vasoconstriction which sometimes prevented perfusion of the lungs and induced a large increase inR t. These high values ofR t were decreased by tolazoline administration. The values ofR t recorded in older pigs (12–13 weeks old) were lower in Minipigs (33.66±3.77 cmH2O min L–1 per 100 g of lungs;n=5) than in Landrace piglets (55.20±6.18 cmH2O min L–1 per 100 g;n=5). This breed difference was due to the differences inR a andR v. The mean values ofK f,c were 0.193±0.015 and 0.202±0.029 ml min (cmH2O)–1 per 100 g of the lungs in Minipigs and Landrace piglets respectively. All these parameters were stable for the 3 hours following the equilibrium period. It was concluded that: (1) There is an age-related maturation of the control of the vasomotor tone in porcine lungs. (2) Pulmonary microvascular haemodynamics are influenced by the breed of the pigs. (3) There was no difference in theK f,c values between both the breeds. (4) A comparison of the values reported for dogs and rabbits with our data shows that the pre- and post-capillary resistances and, to a lesser extent, the arterial and venous resistances are relatively high in pigs.  相似文献   
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Based on the maximum flow principle about networks, a network flow approach to reliability evaluation in large scale netwerks ty mixing inereasing flow with decreasing flow is proposed in this paper.This approach gets the initial flow of each branch in a r.etwork associated with a state of the retwork by decreasing flows of some branches correlative to another state of the network.As a result, the number of flow compute required can be reduced enormously.The numerical example shows that the approach is powerful. The comparison of this approach with the minimal cutset one is also given in this paper.  相似文献   
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切线泵流动特征的整流场数值模拟   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
对单级切线泵在设计工况进行了定常流动数值模拟,分析了叶轮流道及蜗壳内的液体流动情况。结果表明,切线泵内流场非常复杂,叶轮进口有明显冲击,叶轮各流道的速度、压力差异很大,环形蜗壳内流动呈现旋涡推进特征,上、下游流动有强烈的相互作用,整机流场不具有对称性;环形蜗壳的几何结构以及流场上、下游的相互作用是导致整机流场非对称特性的主要原因。计算结果为进一步改进结构、提高性能、减小水力损失提供了理论依据。  相似文献   
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低比转数离心泵叶轮出口紊流流动结构分析   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4  
在叶轮内三维紊流流动数值计算的基础上,从介质能量的观点,分析了不同工况下低比转数离心泵叶轮出口处的紊流流动结构。数值计算采用SIMPLEC算法,在贴体坐标系下求解Navier—Stokes方程,紊流模型采用标准的κ—ε模型。计算结果表明,在叶轮的出口附近靠近吸力面一侧存在一个低能区,而压力面一侧能量相对较高。这与有关文献中所指出的离心风机的“射流—尾流”结构相对应。当偏离设计工况时,该低能区的范围和强度略有增加,相对应的叶轮效率也降低。计算结果与水泵在这些工况下的效率实验结果相一致,说明低能区的存在是影响低比转数离心泵效率的重要因素。  相似文献   
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CIO是随着企业信息化管理而出现的新兴岗位。结合我国企业信息化的发展,分析了目前企业信息化管理中CIO存在的主要问题。根据这些问题提出了一些解决的对策:明确CIO职责,保证CIO的权利;强化CIO的外部职能;在信息化管理中发挥应有职能;加强自身素质,提高管理水平。  相似文献   
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