Evaluating the efficiency of sampling methods in assessing soil macrofauna communities in arable systems

The soil fauna is often a neglected group in many large-scale studies of farmland biodiversity due to difficulties in extracting organisms efficiently from the soil. This study assesses the relative efficiency of the simple and cheap sampling method of handsorting against Berlese–Tullgren funnel and Winkler apparatus extraction. Soil cores were taken from grassy arable field margins and wheat fields in Cambridgeshire, UK, and the efficiencies of the three methods in assessing the abundances and species densities of soil macroinvertebrates were compared. Handsorting in most cases was as efficient at extracting the majority of the soil macrofauna as the Berlese–Tullgren funnel and Winkler bag methods, although it underestimated the species densities of the woodlice and adult beetles. There were no obvious biases among the three methods for the particular vegetation types sampled and no significant differences in the size distributions of the earthworms and beetles. Proportionally fewer damaged earthworms were recorded in larger (25 × 25 cm) soil cores when compared with smaller ones (15 × 15 cm). Handsorting has many benefits, including targeted extraction, minimum disturbance to the habitat and shorter sampling periods and may be the most appropriate method for studies of farmland biodiversity when a high number of soil cores need to be sampled.     

基于可见/近红外光谱的柑橘糖度在线检测分选系统的设计与试验

在6GF–4型林果无损检测与分选成套设备中,设计了基于可见/近红外光谱的柑橘糖度在线检测分选系统,系统主要包括传输装置、光谱采集装置、控制系统以及分选装置。系统在柑橘果实运动状态中采集其光谱信息,并通过所建立的果实糖度模型进行同步计算,根据所得糖度值对柑橘果实实现在线分选。在光谱采集装置中设计了双透镜式光路,可改变投射于柑橘果实上的光斑大小,通过研究比较试验参数积分时间和光斑尺寸大小,得出系统的最佳采集参数为积分时间100 ms,光斑尺寸设置为小,样本移动速率为5个/s。建立的SPXY–CARS–PLSR柑橘糖度在线检测模型校准集和预测集的决定系数分别为0.938和0.836,校准集和预测集的均方根误差分别为0.273°Brix和0.418°Brix。使用未参与建模的25个柑橘果实样本进行外部验证集的在线检测和分选,结果在1°Brix的误差范围内,检测糖度的准确率为92%;当样本分为4个等级时,系统分选正确率为92%;当样本分为3个等级时,系统分选正确率可达100%。     

气吸式绿豆密植精量排种器的优化与试验

针对绿豆作物在高密植条件下播种单粒率低的问题,采用单因素试验和三因素五水平二次正交旋转中心组合试验设计方法,以‘川渝绿1号’绿豆品种为研究对象,以工作压力、型孔直径和型孔数量为试验因素,以合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数为评价指标,对本研究所设计的气吸式绿豆密植精量排种器的结构参数和工作参数以及排种器对作业速度和绿豆品种的适应性进行研究。结果表明:1)工作压力6.234 kPa、型孔直径2.255 mm、型孔数量60个为最优参数组合,此时排种器合格指数为98.75%、重播指数0.58%、漏播指数0.67%,满足设计要求;2)以最优参数组合进行速度适应性试验,作业速度≤7 km/h时,排种器合格指数均>97%、重播指数<1.5%、漏播指数<2%;3)排种器对绿豆的品种适应性试验中,不同绿豆品种的合格指数均>97.5%、重播指数<1%、漏播指数<2%,满足密植条件下绿豆精量播种的技术要求,且具有良好的品种适应性,可以为绿豆密植精量排种器的设计提供参考。     

珠三角地区杂交鳢（乌鳢♂ × 斑鳢♀）弹状病毒感染状况调查

【目的】杂交鳢（ Hybrid snakehead）为我国重要的特种水产鱼类,为摸清杂交鳢弹状病毒 (Hybrid snakehead rhabdovirus, HSHRV) 的感染状况,2021 年 3 月至 2022 年 2 月对珠三角地区养殖的杂交鳢弹状病毒病展开调查。【方法】对繁育阶段的杂交鳢 亲本、鱼苗、水样进行随机采样;养殖阶段则选择固定时间进行随机采样,并在病害暴发时采样。监测周期内共采集 333 份样品,每尾鱼经无菌解剖后,取绿豆大小肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织混样,保存于液氮中,用于提取 RNA;以反转录的 cDNA 为模板,采用 qPCR 技术进行 HSHRV 检测。【结果】感染 HSHRV 的鱼体主要临床症状为不规则游动、打转,体表无明显症状,解剖可见肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、肠道和鱼鳔充血发红或肿大;qPCR 检测结果显示,333 份样品的 HSHRV 平均阳性率为 13.21%,阳性样品主要集中在4 － 11 月,其中,8 月份的样品阳性率高达 23.91% ;养殖阶段的 HSHRV 平均阳性率（17.01%）显著高于繁育阶段的平均阳性率（3.26%）;从鱼体规格来看,HSHRV 最易感 10 cm 以内的鱼,阳性率高达 32.20%,主要在 3 －9 月检出;HSHRV 最不易感 20 cm 以上的鱼,阳性率低至 9.52%。【结论】明确了繁育阶段和养殖阶段以及不同养殖规格杂交鳢的 HSHRV 阳性率,为深入了解杂交鳢弹状病毒病的流行规律提供参考,以期为养殖过程中杂交鳢弹状病毒病的预防与控制提供数据支撑。     

考虑径流非一致性的水库分期旱限水位优化研究

【目的】分析变化环境下水文序列的非一致性,为龙羊峡水库分期旱限水位优化调度模型的建立提供参考。【方法】采用Mann-Kendall检验法、有序聚类分析法和水文序列振动中心重构法,对龙羊峡水库年径流序列进行一致性分析及修正,然后利用水库旱限水位分级和Fisher最优分割法,对径流序列修正前后不同干旱等级下的水库分期旱限水位进行确定,最后通过耦合分期旱限水位建立以缺水指数最小为目标函数的龙羊峡水库优化调度模型,对径流序列修正前后两种情况下的分期旱限水位进行对比研究。【结果】一致性检验发现,龙羊峡水库径流序列具有明显下降的趋势,并在1989年发生突变。经一致性修正后计算龙羊峡水库7-10月、11-12月、1-4月、5-6月4个分期的旱限水位,在轻旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 534.91,2 539.10和2 535.13 m,中旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 535.44,2 539.80和2 536.70 m,重旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 535.87,2 540.35和2 537.89 m;特旱条件下分别为2 530.00,2 536.06,2 540.58和2 538.12 m。采用不同调度模型对龙羊峡水库进行优化调度,结果显示修正后的调度效果较好,其总缺水量、缺水指数相比修正前分别降低5.37%和6.03%,其中枯水时段平均缺水量降低了10.71%,缺水程度改善明显。【结论】非一致性径流对龙羊峡水库旱限水位的确定有一定影响,一致性修正后的径流使水库旱限水位的确定更加可靠,水库的抗旱能力得以提升,可为水库供水、抗旱应急管理决策提供参考。     

Effect of group size and regrouping on physiological stress and behavior of dairy calves

Mixing or regrouping of calves from different pens is a common animal management practice on the farm, which frequently occurs after weaning and has a negative effect on calve welfare.  Social integration before regrouping may relieve stresses, but more evidences are needed to verify this hypothesis.  The present study aimed to investigate acute physiological and behavioral variations of individually- or group-housed calves after being introduced into a mixed group.  A total of 132 postnatal calves were randomly divided into groups of 1, 3, 6 and 12 animals (S, G3, G6, and G12; 6 replicates in each group) until 59 days of age.  At 60 days of age, every two replicates from different groups (S, G3, G6 and G12) were introduced in a larger pen which containing 44 of the aboved experimental calves.  Before and after regrouping, physiological parameters of stress, including heart rate (HR), saliva cortisol (S-CORT), saliva secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, and behavioral responses were recorded.  After regrouping, HR and S-CORT increased immediately (P<0.05), and higher (P<0.05) levels of such molecules were found in S calves compared to those in group-housed calves.  Levels of SIgA and IL-2 were decreased (P<0.05), and the lowest (P<0.05) IL-2 values were found in S calves compared to those in group-housed calves.  In addition, the introduced calves displayed a distinct behavior, including altered active and rest time, which was associated with negative emotions triggered by the novel surroundings.  Allogrooming, play, exploration behaviors and lying time were increased significantly (P<0.05) in group-housed calves than those in S calves.  Conversely, self-grooming, aggressive behaviors, standing and walking time were increased (P<0.05) in S calves than those in group-housed calves.  These findings suggest that individually-housed calves may be more susceptible to stressors arising from regrouping than group-housed calves, which consequently negatively affected behavioral and neuroendocrine responses.  Furthermore, moving calves with previous social experience may help mitigate regrouping stress.     

Advancing approach and toolbox in optimization of chloroplast genetic transformation technology

Chloroplast is a discrete, highly structured, and semi-autonomous cellular organelle. The small genome of chloroplast makes it an up-and-coming platform for synthetic biology. As a special means of synthetic biology, chloroplast genetic engineering shows excellent potential in reconstructing various sophisticated metabolic pathways within the plants for specific purposes, such as improving crop photosynthetic capacity, enhancing plant stress resistance, and synthesizing new drugs and vaccines. However, many plant species exhibit limited efficiency or inability in chloroplast genetic transformation. Hence, new transformation technologies and tools are being constantly developed. In order to further expand and facilitate the application of chloroplast genetic engineering, this review summarizes the new technologies in chloroplast genetic transformation in recent years and discusses the choice of appropriate synthetic biological elements for the construction of efficient chloroplast transformation vectors.     

三生空间视角下基于最小阻力模型的农村居民点布局优化——以吉林省辉南县为例

为了科学划分农村居民点类型,对不同类型农村居民点提出相应的整治措施,本研究以吉林省辉南县为例,构建生产-生活-生态空间评价指标体系,采用最小阻力模型和K-均值聚类分析划分村庄组团类型,依据改进的空间引力模型和加权Voronoi图结果,进一步在村庄组团内部划分出不同的农村居民点类型。结果表明,研究区域“三生”空间综合阻力值分布差异性特征显著,总体呈东高西低趋势,按照综合阻力值大小分为最小、较小、中度、较大、最大5个阻力区。基于综合阻力分区结果与聚类结果划分出4种村庄组团类型：集聚提升类村庄47个,总面积为1.243×10⁷ m²;城郊融合类村庄35个,总面积为7.169×10⁶ m²;特色保护类村庄41个,总面积为1.252×10⁷ m²;稳定改善类村庄18个,总面积为4.201×10⁶ m²。根据村庄组团内部相对引力值关系和每个农村居民点实际的功能辐射范围,进一步在村庄组团内部划分出重点建设型、一般建设型、迁移合并型3种农村居民点类型,并在此基础上对农村居民点布局优化提出相应的整治策略。研究表明,生产-生活-生态空间评价指标体系可以较好地反映外界因素组合对辉南县农村居民点布局的影响,基于最小阻力模型等多种空间分析方法划分村庄组团及其内部组合特征,能够科学划分农村居民点类型,从而对不同农村居民点类型提出相应的治理措施,制定符合当地发展的策略。     

Differential structure and physiological response to canker challenge between ‘Meiwa’ kumquat and ‘Newhall’ navel orange with contrasting resistance

Asiatic citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is one of the most detrimental diseases affecting citrus production. ‘Meiwa’ kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia) and ‘Newhall’ navel orange (Citrus sinensis) are two genotypes with contrasting Xcc resistance. In the current study, efforts were made to perform pairwise comparison between them in terms of structural difference and biochemical response to Xcc attack. Pinprick inoculation demonstrated that ‘Meiwa’ had lower disease incidence rate and smaller lesion size, concurrent with significantly less bacterial number at the inoculation sites relative to ‘Newhall’. Microscopic observation demonstrated that stomatal density and size of ‘Meiwa’ were significantly smaller than ‘Newhall’. Stomatal apertures of ‘Meiwa’ were smaller than ‘Newhall’ measured at 2 h after their leaves were immersed in Xcc suspension, consistent with the bacteria number in the internal tissues counted at 4 d. Epicuticular wax content of ‘Meiwa’ was significantly higher than that of ‘Newhall’, while no difference in palisade and spongy tissue was observed between them. Enzymatic activity assay showed that after Xcc inoculation, ‘Meiwa’ exhibited significantly higher activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in comparison with ‘Newhall’ at most of the sampling time points. Our data showed that the two genotypes with contrasting Xcc resistance exhibited clear difference in the structure and physiological response, which may provide information to facilitate our understanding of Xcc resistance.     

基于智能算法的猪饲料配方优化数学模型

在多种原料配比过程中，营养指标因素复杂的实际情况及控制成本保证收益的现实需求，文章结合智能算法背景，进行猪饲料配方优化设计，建立猪饲料配方模型，采用智能算法求解饲料配方的过程，对于生猪饲料配方进行建模，同时优化出饲料配方。结果表明，智能算法的猪饲料配方优化能够解决多种原料配比以及多个营养指标复杂因素，实现快速计算和生产处理，对企业生产者、销售经营者、实际消费者具有十分重大的价值与现实意义。 [关键词]智能算法|猪饲料|配方优化|数学模型