阶段性极端高温对七星瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确极端高温天气对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata生长发育和繁殖的影响,通过模拟田间高温发生情况,设置6h极端高温(36℃和39℃)与不同持续时间(1d和3d)对七星瓢虫卵和成虫进行胁迫,以25℃恒温饲养处理为对照,观察统计其发育历期、存活率、繁殖力及子代孵化率。结果表明,在相同高温胁迫模式下,七星瓢虫成虫的耐热性要明显高于卵,如在39℃处理1d后,卵和成虫的存活率分别为52.09%和93.94%;处理温度越高,高温持续时间越长,七星瓢虫卵的存活率越低,36℃处理1、3d和39℃处理1、3d后卵的存活率依次为71.31%、62.87%、52.09%和24.98%。七星瓢虫卵经39℃处理3d后,其孵化1龄幼虫的发育历期为2.77d,显著长于对照组(2.11d),其余龄期幼虫的发育历期、整个幼虫期和蛹期与对照组均无显著差异,说明七星瓢虫发育前期经历极端高温可能会导致其发育后期生长加速,出现生长补偿现象。卵期受极端高温的影响要显著大于成虫期,卵和成虫在39℃处理1d后的单雌产卵量分别为42.67粒和139.79粒;所有高温处理组的子代卵孵化率均显著低于对照组(85.42%),介于0~64.13%之间。另外,各高温处理组的种群趋势指数在5.26~56.02之间,均低于对照组(78.76)。表明夏季极端高温天气频发可能导致七星瓢虫种群数量减少,不建议此时期在田间释放七星瓢虫卵进行害虫防控。     

半干旱草甸草地不同处理下植被特征与土壤酶活性的变化

不同草地处理措施对植被和土壤会产生重要的影响。为探究不同草地处理措施对草甸草地的影响,以科尔沁草甸草地不同点为研究对象,设置围封（UNM）、围封+刈割（M）、围封+火烧（F）、放牧（G）4种处理,针对生长季土壤脲酶（S-UE）、碱性磷酸酶（S-AKP）、蔗糖酶（S-SC）活性和植被特征等开展研究,以探究草甸草地的最佳处理方式。结果显示：1）土壤酶活性随着土层深度的增加而降低,不同处理间的差异随着土层深度增加逐渐降低。2）放牧较围封处理,不同点植被高度、盖度、地上生物量和酶活性均降低,而丰富度指数增加。3）刈割较围封处理,不同功能群物种的补偿能力不同,禾本科的补偿能力大于菊科。4）火烧较围封处理,不同点植被高度、盖度、地上生物量、丰富度指数和3种水解酶活性均增加。5）多年刈割较放牧处理,植被高度、盖度和地上生物量和蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均增加,丰富度指数和土壤脲酶活性均降低。综上所述,控制性火烧是半干旱地区草甸草地的最佳处理方式。     

Histomorphological changes between short and long days in ovary guanacos (Lama guanicoe)

This is the first morpho-histological comparison of guanaco ovaries between reproductive (long-days) and non-reproductive (short-days) seasons, and oestrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) detection. Different stages of follicle development were found in the cortical area, but no corpus luteum was detected. The size and frequency of antral follicles and large atretic follicles were higher in long-day ovaries than short-days, consistent with ovarian activity in this season. Differential expression of ERα and ERβ was observed in follicles at different stages of development between short and long days. These data reveal histological and molecular differences between reproductive and non-reproductive seasons of guanaco ovaries.     

实行季节性梯度农用水价对农业节水的有效性研究

从价格调控对农业用水资源的配置作用出发，分析了目前农业节水中的水价问题，得出农用水将普遍收费的必然趋势。重点提出了季节性梯度农用水价的概念并对其含义进行了深入说明。最后通过在“冬小麦节水高产省肥简化‘四统一’栽培技术体系”中的实例研究，认为季节性梯度农用水价对农业节约用水是可行的。     

基于MVC设计模式的奶牛繁殖智能提醒系统

在奶牛场管理中,根据奶牛繁殖过程的生命周期性,从其生物特性和生理特点等各个管理角度出发,在.NET环境下,采用MVC设计模式来构造奶牛繁殖智能提醒系统,并应用到奶牛场,从而为奶牛生产者提供技术支持,以实现牛场生产过程的数字化和智能化.     

A comparison of the incidence of tuberculosis in forty-six town supply herds in the manawatu district in 1950–51 and 1951–52

Extract

The forty-six herds concerned were tuberculintested in 1950–51 under the provisions of the appropriate section of the Stock Amendment Act, 1945. The same herds were retested in the season 1951–52 at an interval of approximately one year from the date of the first test.     

Shoot nitrate reductase activities of field‐layer species in different forest types. II

Analysis of in vivo shoot nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of the grass Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. has been proposed as a method of indicating the availability of nitrate in northern temperate forest soils. We report the seasonal variation in NRA and the influence of temperature on the NRA assay. Studies were performed in the field or on natural populations on topsoil monoliths in a greenhouse.

The induced in vivo NRA as measured at 28°C was higher in plants grown at lower than at higher temperatures within the range 4–20°C, although the induction was faster at higher temperatures. When the assay was performed at various temperatures, enzyme activity was much lower at lower temperatures. The accumulation of organic nitrogen in shoots showed that reduction actually increased with temperature. Transfer of monoliths from high to low temperature led to an increase of in vivo NRA within a day, whereas the decline caused by the reverse began after six days. Variations in temperature accounted for between 0 and 80% of the seasonal variation in NRA in the field, depending on the influence of the variability in nitrate supply.

Maximally induced NRA after application of nitrate was mostly higher in a clearfelling than in a closed forest. In the forest, there was a close correlation between current and maximally induced NRA. One interpretation of this result is that low availability of nitrogen may have been a cause of the lower maximally induced NRA there. This is supported by results from other studies.

We conclude that variations in temperature and availability of nitrogen, particularly nitrate, are largely responsible for seasonal variations in NRA. The influence of temperature can be adjusted for.     

Seasonal Variations in Physicochemical and Textural Properties of North Atlantic Cod (Gadus morh.ua) Mince

Abstract

Seasonal variations in physicochemical and textural properties of minced cod muscle from Icelandic coastal areas were evaluated. Measurements were performed on mince from the white muscle. Compared to the winter and summer values, hardness and cohesiveness, as measured by Instron, showed a drop in March to May and another drop was observed for cohesiveness during the autumn months. Expressible moisture changed slightly from March to August whereas results from the winter months indicate greater fluctuations. A minimum was observed for protein solubility in March and July. The surface hydrophobicity of proteins, increased gradually from November to May followed by a sudden drop, then a gradual increase again.     

Prediction of daily reference evapotranspiration by a multiple regression method based on weather forecast data

Prediction of daily reference evapotranspiration (ET ₀) is the basis of real-time irrigation scheduling. A multiple regression method for ET ₀ prediction based on its seasonal variation pattern and public weather forecast data was presented for application in East China. The forecasted maximum temperature (T _max), minimum temperature (T _min) and weather condition index (WCI) were adopted to calculate the correction coefficient by multilinear regression under five time-division regimes (10 days, monthly, seasonal, semi-annual and annual). The multiple regression method was tested for its feasibility for ET ₀ prediction using forecasted weather data as the input, and the monthly regime was selected as the most suitable. Average absolute error (AAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were 0.395 and 0.522 mm d^?1, respectively. ET ₀ prediction errors increased linearly with the increase in temperature prediction error. A temperature error within 3 K is likely to result in acceptable ET ₀ predictions, with AAE and average absolute relative error (AARE) <0.142 mm d^?1 and 5.8%, respectively. However, one rank error in WCI results in a much larger error in ET ₀ prediction due to the high sensitivity of the correction coefficient to WCI and the large relative error in WCI caused by one rank deviation. Improving the accuracy of weather forecasts, especially for WCI prediction, is helpful in obtaining better estimations of ET ₀ based on public weather data.