密度调控对女贞人工林土壤铵态氮和硝态氮季节变化的影响

以江苏扬州市江都区7年生女贞人工林为对象,研究密度调控对其土壤铵态氮（NH4＋-N）和硝态氮（NO3--N）含量剖面分布特征及季节变化的影响。结果表明：不同调控密度下女贞人工林土壤NH4＋-N和NO3--N含量均随着土层深度的增加而逐渐降低,且表现出明显的季节变化;3种密度调控下土壤NH4＋-N 含量均是秋冬两季较高,春季最低,夏季又有明显回升,且3种密度中的2275株/hm2下NH4＋-N含量在4个季节均高于另外2种密度;土壤NO3--N 季节变化与NH4＋-N大体一致,在春季含量最低,但不同密度间变化趋势差异较大;土温、含水量及有机质均与土壤NH4＋-N和NO3--N含量存在显著的相关关系（p＜0.05）,且在夏季均达到极显著相关（p＜0.01）。     

几种淡水养殖鱼死后僵硬的季节变化

几种淡水养殖鱼活杀死后在室全僵的时间（Ｔｒ）同其生活时的水温（ｔ）之间存在着良好的负相关，即ｌｎＴｒ＝５．０３７－０．１１６５ｔ（ｒ＝－０．９２３６），显示出明显的季节差异。死后僵硬还受致死方法影响，表现为活杀鱼的僵硬时间长，挣扎死的短，半死的近于二者之间。据此，讨论了在温度低，僵硬期长的季节，采用冰藏或１０℃以常温条件下活杀鲜鱼流通上市，拓宽淡水养殖鱼类流通渠道的可能性及活杀鲜鱼的鲜度质量指标等     

Annual dynamics of marine birnavirus (MABV) in cultured Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> and sea water

ABSTRACT:   Seasonal changes in the infection state of marine birnavirus (MABV) in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and in rearing sea water are described. Sea water and 10–11 healthy fish were sampled monthly from April 2002 to February 2003. The MABV genome was detected throughout the year in > 80% of the fish examined at each sampling. The virus was isolated from the liver, kidney, and spleen, but not from the brain. The detection rate in each organ increased from April to October, and then decreased. Detection of virus antigen by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique also showed that the virus was present from spring to autumn (June–September) in the liver, kidney, and spleen, but not the brain. Sequence analysis of the MABV genome at the VP2–NS region revealed two specific mutations compared to the standard yellowtail strain (Y-6). It is suggested that the infection state of MABV in Japanese flounder changes to a latent or persistent infection after autumn. MABV was detected in sea water between September and February, suggesting that virus particles in the environment are relatively higher during cool seasons.     

The nature of hematological response in fish

Hematological status was examined in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, held for 3–4 weeks under temperature, photoperiod and P_{O 2} conditions approximating those of their winter, spring and summer habitats. The most striking change observed was in red cell population composition. In winter fish mature cells were predominant; juvenile and developing erythrocytes characterized spring and summer animals. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and both mean erythrocytic volume and hemoglobin were modestly lower in spring and summer than in winter fish. Red cell numbers were not significantly affected. These observations suggest that avoidance of viscosity-based increases in circulatory work cost is more advantageous than elevation of blood O₂-carrying capacity. Although hemoglobin isomorph profiles were significantly altered, there is little evidence that such changes are of critical adaptive importance. Given presumed age-based reduction in gas transport effectiveness, the replacement of mature and senescent cells by more metabolically-competent juvenile cells appears to be the pivotal event in hematological response. Leucocyte counts were significantly elevated in spring and summer as compared to winter fish. Lymphocyte/heterophil ratios declined from 8.27 in winter fish to 3.13 in summer trout. Thrombocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil abundances were little changed.     

Summertime and early autumn activity of some enzymes in the carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism of the crucian carp

In June, July, and September the activities of five enzymes involved in the carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism, namely phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS), cytochrome oxidase (cyt ox) and 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), were measured in the heart, liver, red muscle, white muscle, and gill lamellae of crucian carp (Carassius carassius). LDH activity was measured in both reducing (LDHr) and oxidizing (LDHo) directions.The PFK activity in red and white muscle increased significantly between July and September indicating a preparation to winter anoxia by an increased glycylytic capacity in these organs. The HAD activity of the liver had increased significantly (by more than 50%) by September, also a preparation to winter anoxia as HAD is used in the reversed -oxidation (chain elongation of fatty acids). The LDHr and cyt ox activities in the heart and white muscle were highest in July. This shows that both the anaerobic and aerobic capacities are elevated in mid-summer when water temperature is high and oxygen concentration of the water could fluctuate greatly. The LDHo and CS activities in gill lamellae were lowest in July. The results show that the metabolism of crucian carp is under seasonal influence and that a preparation to winter hypoxia/anoxia could be detected in September.     

Insulin and IGF-I receptors and tyrosine kinase activity in carp ovaries: changes with reproductive cycle

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptors from carp ovaries were semipurified with wheat germ agglutinin at different moments of the reproductive cycle and their binding characteristics and tyrosine kinase activity were studied. Specific receptors for insulin and IGF-I were found. IGF-I receptors presented higher binding (23.8 ± 1.5%), number of receptors (965 ± 20fm/mg) and affinity (K_D 0.24 ± 0.03nM) than those shown for insulin receptors (4.1 ± 1%, 530 ± 85fm/mg and 0.85 ± 0.1nM, respectively). Insulin and IGF-I receptors have a tyrosine kinase activity which is not different from that found in muscle of the same species. Seasonal changes were found in binding, with maximum values for insulin and IGF-I reached at the end of pre-spawning period (June). However, while IGF-I binding was observed in all stages, insulin binding decreased in autumn and disappeared in winter, which suggests a different role for the two peptides in ovarian physiology.     

黄海中部小黄鱼的食物组成和摄食习性的季节变化

根据2001年3月至2002年1月在黄海中部海域进行的4个季节的定点底拖网调查,应用聚类分析、单因素方差分析和列联表检验等方法,对小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis Bleeker)的食物组成和摄食的季节变化进行研究.结果表明,小黄鱼摄食的饵料种类有30余种,甲壳类(磷虾类和虾类)和鱼类是其主要的饵料类群,二者在食物中所占的重量百分比之和为97.45%.优势饵料种类有太平洋磷虾(Euphausia pacifica)、脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)、细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)和赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis).小黄鱼的摄食强度有显著的季节变化,秋季最高,春季和冬季较低.食物组成也随季节的不同而有所变化,夏季主要以虾类为食,其它季节则主要以磷虾类为食.聚类分析的结果表明,小黄鱼春、夏季的食物组成与秋、冬季相比,存在较大差异.通过与历史资料进行比较发现,黄海小黄鱼的食物组成发生了较大的变化,其中鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)在食物中所占的比例有明显的下降.     

Impact of novel endophytes in perennial ryegrass on herbage production and insect pests from pastures under dairy cow grazing in northern New Zealand

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with a novel endophyte (AR37 or AR1), Wild‐type endophyte or no endophyte (Nil) was sown with white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in autumn 2005. The pastures were rotationally grazed by dairy cows from 2005–2009. Annual dry matter (DM) yield did not differ but AR37 pastures had a higher ryegrass tiller density, especially after the 2008 summer drought (+130%), and less white clover than did AR1 pastures. Concentrations of alkaloids produced by the Wild‐type association (lolitrem B, ergovaline) followed the same seasonal trends as did the AR37 alkaloids (epoxy‐janthitrems) but summer drought reduced concentrations of lolitrem B and epoxy‐janthitrems to less than half the mid‐summer (February) peak concentrations in the other years. Insect pests were monitored annually between 2006 and 2009. Tiller damage by Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel)) was significantly reduced by all endophyte treatments. African black beetle (Heteronychus arator (F.)) populations in soil samples increased during the experiment with Nil > AR1 > Wild‐type = AR37. Root aphid (Aploneura lentisci (Pass.)) infestations followed the pattern AR1 > Nil > Wild‐type = AR37. A lower pest pressure from all insect pests in AR37 pastures is likely to have contributed to this treatment having the highest ryegrass tiller densities.