Electronegativity Scale of Elements Calculated by Density Functional Theory and Related Methods

In chemistry and many related fields, electronegativity (EN) is an important fundamental concept and its scale is a useful physcochemical parameter. Here, calculations of both ionization potentials and electron affinities are extended toward 107 elements and done by density functional theory at the local density approximation(LDA) level and the LDB level, i.e., the local density approximation level with further non-local corrections for exchange and correlation included self-consistently as well as the modified Slater transition-state method. The definite-differentiation method is employed into calculations of the electronegativity scale and the related parameters of 107 elements with very good results due to the consideration of relativistic effects. The calculation presented is to examine both the LDA and LDB approximations in calculations for the ionization potential and electron affinity of the elements with an improved or modified Slater transition-state method, and relativistic effects have also been taken into account for 107 elements compared with 103, 86 or less in the previous report under a spin polarized density function theory with some approximations to the exchange-correlation function. The calculation results for the various quantities represent an obviously improvement over some previous calculations. It is shown that the results calculated by the extended technique and the improved Slater transition-state method in general agree well with experimental values presented by Pearson, and are better than the reported values in many previous literatures. The developed new electronegativity scale will widely be applicable in many fields such as molecular structural parameterization expression, chemobiological activity optimization prediction, structure-activity quantitation modeling, functional chemical adaptization designing, and so on.     

不同尺度下发展我国农村社区教育的模式研究

论述了我国农村社区教育的概念、特点，指出加强农村社区教育的紧迫性。通过分析我国农村社区教育的现状，指出现阶段农村社区教育体系中存在的主要问题是文化建设相对于经济建设滞后，社区教育没有充分发挥技能培训和德育的作用，并据此提出了宏观尺度、中观尺度和微观尺度下发展我国农村社区教育的基本模式。     

改进层次分析法用于农用运输车综合性能的评价

该文在分析传统层次分析法标度不足的基础上,提出了一种基于转化函数和调和系数的新标度,建立了利用新标度的层次分析法,该方法体现了奖罚原则和合理性原则,且新的标度与传统标度的判断矩阵的一致性相当,因此,改进的层次分析法更加合理、有效。用改进的层次分析法对农用运输车综合性能评价可知,影响农用运输车综合性能评价的主要因素有发动机配套性能、价格、服务网点及服务质量。该研究为农用运输车管理部门、制造企业和用户正确评价农用运输车综合性能提供了一种有效的方法     

流域输沙函数应用的尺度限制

阐述了在流域产沙预测模型研究中,将试验水平范围的输沙函数的运用范围扩大,产生了数据来源的不确定性或错误的原因在于:模型不完善、重要过程的省略、初始条件的缺乏、初始条件的敏感度、异质性问题、外部动力等。数据来源的不确定性在小尺度、短时间内是能够控制的。大尺度的异质性是使得输沙函数不能仅仅建立在数量化的基础上,而应是系统历史的函数。因此,大尺度的流域产沙模型必须建立在突变量的发现及其相应的动力特征基础上,而不应是试验模型按比例放大。     

水土流失研究中尺度效应及其机理分析

空间尺度的大小对水土流失研究影响很大,尺度效应是地理分异规律和地理综合规律在时间和空间上的表现。随着尺度变大,研究对象内的综合性、概括性增强,研究对象之间的主导分异因子级别提高;随着尺度变小,研究对象内的分异性、多样性增强,研究对象之间的主导分异因子级别降低。在尺度变化的同时,水土流失规律、主要影响因子、评价方法等同时发生变化。水土流失研究的尺度效应,对水土流失与泥沙资料扩展应用,以及提高流域/区域等较大尺度水土流失量的评价与预测精度等尺度转换问题研究有重要意义。     

Body size, niche breadth, and ecologically scaled responses to habitat fragmentation: mammalian predators in an agricultural landscape

The ability to make a priori assessments of a species' response to fragmentation, based on its distribution in the landscape, would serve as a valuable conservation and management tool. During 1997-1999, we monitored 717 scent stations to examine seasonal use of forest patches, corridors, and crop fields by coyotes (Canis latrans), domestic cats (Felis catus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes and Urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoons (Procyon lotor), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata). For each species we developed landscape-based ecologically scaled landscape indices (ELSI), and we modeled species spatial distribution across three spatial scales (landscape-level, element-level, and local habitat-level). Our results suggest that these predators view landscape fragmentation at different spatial scales and demonstrate strong interspecific differences in their response to elements of the landscape. All species except coyotes and domestic cats avoided agricultural fields. In general, predator species that were more mobile (i.e. high ESLI for landscape connectivity; coyotes) were characterized by landscape- and element-based logistic models. In contrast, models including local habitat features generally were most appropriate for less mobile or more stenophagous predators (e.g. long-tailed weasels). Our analysis extends the application of the ESLI concept to species assemblages that do not appear to function as metapopulations, and it highlights the importance of examining spatial scale and species-specific responses to habitat fragmentation. We discuss the relevance of these findings for defining ecological landscapes, understanding predator-prey interactions at multiple spatial scales, and conserving predator and prey populations in fragmented landscapes.     

欧洲水仙鳞片组织培养与快速繁殖

以欧洲水仙‘Dutch Master’为研究材料,通过对鳞片取材部位、培养光照、激素配比以及组培苗移栽基质的研究发现,欧洲水仙初代培养的较适外植体为内层鳞片下部,合适光照度为1 000 lx。愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.3 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L,小鳞茎的诱导分化培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L,小鳞茎继代增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L,生根培养基为1/2MS+6-BA 0.3 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖20 g/L。炼苗移栽基质配比为V(蛭石)∶V(泥炭土)∶V(园土)=1∶1∶2。     

ABT生根粉不同浓度对桂花扦插成活率影响试验

为提高桂花繁育技术,笔者用ABT生根粉不同浓度对日香桂进行处理,结果表明:4种处理浓度对桂花扦插成活率影响差异显著,其中以200 mg/L最好,150 mg/L次之,100mg/L及50 mg/L生根率低.因此桂花扦插繁育用200mg/L ABT处理浓度最好.     

西安市东郊渭河河漫滩沉积与洪水变化

[目的]通过揭示历史时期洪水的演变,科学地预测洪水的发生,以求减少洪水灾害造成的损失。[方法]通过分析西安市东郊水流村剖面106个样品的粒度组成,研究了西安市渭河近230a来的洪水事件。[结果]剖面厚度约5m,沉积物主要由粗粉砂、极细砂、中砂和粗砂组成,在各层中变化明显,能够指示古洪水的变化。粒度成分和粒度参数指示,研究剖面中的洪水沉积可分为21层,表明西安市渭河近230a来至少发生了21次洪水事件,各阶段的洪水动力大小为:第18阶段17阶段15阶段16,19阶段21阶段4,5阶段3阶段1,2阶段6,7阶段10阶段11阶段8,9阶段13,14阶段12阶段20阶段。在研究剖面发生的21次洪水事件中,除第20次洪水外,其余洪水发生时河漫滩上的洪水深度均大于2m,均为大洪水事件。[结论]洪水沉积层的分布和粒度成分指示,第3,5,7,8次大洪水的发生是由于当年降水量的显著增加造成的,其余次洪水的发生可能是当年降水量增加造成的,也可能是当年降水量没有增加而是由于当年降水量集中造成的。