Distribution of bacteria and seasonal and regional effects in a new database for mastitis pathogens in Finland

Abstract

A database containing pathogen-specific information on mastitis has been established in Finland. The data consist of the results from routine milk samples collected from clinical and subclinical mastitis and submitted to laboratories all over the country. In the database, bacteriological information has been recorded on an individual cow basis. A total of 77,051 pathogen records submitted to the database from 1 January 2004 to 1 January 2006 were retrieved for this preliminary report of pathogen distribution. Staphylococcus aureus (18.26% and 17.73%) and coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) (17.57% and 23.51%) were the most frequently isolated pathogens from the milk samples. Seasonal and regional differences in pathogen distribution were also found. The pathogen information is primarily used for targeting the antimicrobial treatment of the cow, but also for designing specific mastitis control strategies for the herds. Pathogen data can also be useful for national mastitis control programmes and breeding programmes of dairy cattle for the selection of more resistant animals.     

Effect of co‐culture with intact embryos on development of bovine separated blastomeres

To improve embryo development in bovine separated blastomeres, we evaluated applicability of co‐culture with intact embryos. The morphological quality of blastocysts derived from separated blastomeres and rate of blastocyst formation were only slightly increased when the cells were co‐cultured with intact embryos, which did not provide significant differences when statistically analyzed. However, the cell count of inner cell mass (ICM), trophectoderm (TE) and total number of cells in Day 8 blastocysts were significantly higher when the cells were co‐cultured with the intact embryos than those with the cells cultured individually (P < 0.05). Transfer of four monozygotic pairs of blastocysts derived from the cells co‐cultured with intact embryos led to three pregnancies even when the blastomeres were produced by in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization of oocytes collected by ovum pick‐up from elite cows. These results suggest that co‐culturing with intact embryos may enhance development of bovine separated blastomere.     

东北山樱桃核总黄酮成分双水相萃取条件的优化

【目的】探究聚乙二醇-硫酸铵双水相体系在东北山樱桃核总黄酮成分分离纯化中的应用,并确定最佳萃取条件。【方法】采取单因素试验,分析聚乙二醇相对分子质量、聚乙二醇-硫酸铵质量比、pH、温度对东北山樱桃核总黄酮成分得率的影响,对双水相萃取条件进行优化筛选,并对筛选出的聚乙二醇-硫酸铵双水相萃取最佳体系分离纯化东北山樱桃核总黄酮成分的效果进行检验。【结果】在聚乙二醇相对分子质量为400、m(聚乙二醇):m(硫酸铵)=1:1.5、pH为5.6、温度为50℃的条件下,东北山樱桃核总黄酮成分的得率最高,两相间平均分配系数为130.66,东北山樱桃核总黄酮的平均得率为99.95%。【结论】在最佳双水相萃取条件下,东北山樱桃核总黄酮的得率较高,两相间分配系数较大,且该方法快速简便,结果稳定可靠。     

基于SSR标记的清凉峰地区三叶海棠遗传多样性研究

【目的】评价清凉峰地区三叶海棠的遗传多样性水平,为其保护提供理论依据。【方法】利用10对SSR引物,对清凉峰地区的36份三叶海棠样品进行了遗传多样性分析,并从中随机抽取6,9,12,15,18,27,34株大小不同的样本,组成7个群体进行遗传多样性特征比较。【结果】(1)10对引物在36份样品中的多态性等位基因数(Na)平均值为7.1(5.0~10.0),有效等位基因数(Ne)平均值为3.954(1.527～5.786),平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.781(0.194～1.000),平均期望杂合度(He)为0.699(0.345～0.827),香农多样性指数(I)平均值为1.458(0.662～1.918);(2)采用UPGMA法构建的系统树中,很明显地将36份供试样品划分为两组,与用贝叶斯聚类方法得到的结果一致,对三叶海棠所有样品进行的主成分分析进一步证实了以上结果;(3)群体样本量≥15株时,样本量就不会对群体内遗传多样性水平、遗传一致度及群体内等位基因数目产生明显的影响。【结论】清凉峰地区三叶海棠的遗传多样性水平较高,其群体明显分化为2个基因源,三叶海棠群体遗传多样性研究和种质收集保存中的适宜样本量为≥15株,研究供试样品可以反映清凉峰地区三叶海棠遗传多样性的总体水平。     

Evaluating ecological‐niche factor analysis as a modelling tool for environmental weed management in island systems

Management actions are essential for mitigating the potentially harmful changes in biodiversity, ecosystem function and crop/forest productivity caused by invasive species. Species distribution models, if reliable, could be used to design effective management strategies. Although several modelling methods well suited for studying invasive species have been developed for presence‐only data, often the size of available data sets for modelling is small and results are not validated with test samples. Moreover, the impact of such methods in practical applications has been overlooked. Here, we evaluated the reliability of the modelling approach based on ecological‐niche factor analysis (ENFA) implemented in Biomapper software when applied to environmental weed data in the Azores. Presence‐only data sets of two top invasive woody species (Pittosporum undulatum and Acacia melanoxylon) were used. The continuous Boyce curve was used for validation, calculated either in Biomapper (cross‐validation) or based on test samples. The species' most habitable areas that should be regarded as management targets were thus estimated from modelling and validation. By imposing size restrictions on the presence‐only data sets used in modelling and validation, other habitable areas were defined and compared. The ENFA proved to be a suitable method for modelling environmental weed distributions, regardless of the presence‐only dataset size. Moreover, the cross‐validation of Biomapper was reliable, although its results should be interpreted with caution as they could potentially lead to statistically different management target areas.     

Using Interlaboratory Proficiency Data to Guide NIR/MIR Calibrations

There is growing interest in the use of near-range and/or midrange infrared (IR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIR and MIR) as nondestructive alternatives to chemical testing of soils. This trend is supported by research on how best to correlate IR spectral data with results obtained by conventional laboratory measurements. While for soils there is growing interest in developing local and national calibrations using “legacy” data, the proven analytical performance of provider laboratories now and earlier, the moisture status of reported results, and the method of soil preparation warrant greater attention. Examples for soil carbon (C) and total soil nitrogen (N) from Australasian interlaboratory proficiency testing across multiple years from 1993 are provided to demonstrate the magnitude of past and present measurement uncertainties, including the effects of method and different concentrations. The evidence is sufficient to require those commissioned to develop NIR and MIR calibrations to subject their prototype calibrations to external peer review by participating in credible, independent interlaboratory proficiency testing programs for ≥12 months, including checks on soil moisture status and possible effects of sample preparation. To rate as credible for most uses, the prototype results should be within the interquartile range for each sample and ideally there should be no outliers and few stragglers. Across the period of assessment (1993–2008), users of Walkley and Black organic C and Kjeldahl digestion for total soil N (Kjeldahl method does not measure total N, but most of the organic N plus an undetermined proportion of nitrate and nitrate present in the sample; quantitative inclusion of both requires a modification of the Kjeldahl procedure) declined as use of furnace technologies for soil C and N increased linearly. There is a strong case to commission two or three well-performing and experienced laboratories to reanalyze samples in “legacy” soil collections prior to finalizing predictive relationships with NIR/MIR spectra for the same samples.     

Post-Cold-Storage Conditioning Time Affects Soil Denitrifying Enzyme Activity

Soil denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) is often assessed after cold storage. Previous studies using the short-term acetylene inhibition method have not considered conditioning time (post-cold-storage warm-up time prior to soil analysis) as a factor influencing results. We observed fluctuations in DEA following cold storage, suggesting a need to consider conditioning time when planning and interpreting results.     

基于误码检测机制的滴灌系统红外光雨水传感器的设计

降雨使作物生长土壤中的水分含量增加而营养成分含量降低,智能化滴灌系统必须感知降雨的开始和结束,并对灌溉系统中的水分与营养成分进行相应调整与控制,既节水节能又保持作物良好生长环境。雨水水流对红外发射器和接收器间光通信产生散射干扰,并造成误码。该文设计一种基于误码检测机制的红外光雨水传感器,它由集雨器、导流管、红外光发射器和接收器组成,微控制器检测通信误码感知降雨,解决了传统雨水传感器在滴灌系统应用中只能监测降雨的开始而不能监测降雨结束的弊端。该文提出降雨时通信误码率最大,无降雨时通信误码率最小的数据码选择方法,该方法表明,数据码"1"码数目对通信误码率影响显著。试验结果表明,检测降雨最优码是255。该传感器对连续水流检测的误码率大于0.9983,对离散水滴检测的误比特率是0.7742至0.8307,该传感器对雨水的感知性能优于传统雨水传感器。     

高通量测序与传统纯培养方法在溱潼鱼丸微生物群落分析中的应用对比研究

通过高通量测序技术以及传统纯培养分离鉴定方法,对4下冷藏的溱潼鱼丸中微生物种类进行了分析,并研究其在低温储藏期内的菌群变化规律.结果表明:在溱潼鱼丸储藏初期群落组成分析中发现了 21个门类群,39个纲类群,49个目类群,49个科类群,52个属类群;在属水平的群落组成上,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为绝对优势菌属,占15％;在储藏后期假单胞菌属和嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrabacter)均为比例(丰度)较大的菌属;高通量测序分析结果与传统纯培养方法结果均显示,假单胞菌属为鱼丸腐败的绝对优势菌,但比例有所差异.     

不同浸提剂以及保存方法对土壤矿质氮测定的影响

为探明影响土壤矿质氮测定的因素,从棕壤、潮土和黄棕壤3种类型土壤中各采集10个经不同施肥处理的土样,用连续流动注射分析仪测定经不同浸提剂以及不同保存方法处理后土样的NO3-N和NH4-N含量。结果表明:不论是棕壤、潮土还是黄棕壤,2 mol.L?1 KCl提取硝态氮的数量与0.01 mol.L?1 CaCl2提取的数量相关性均达到P<0.01水平;3种土壤各个土样硝态氮含量的测定值多表现为新鲜土<冷冻土<风干土;将鲜样浸提后作短时间的冷冻处理,其效果与鲜样24 h内的测定结果较接近;土样不同保存方式以及浸提液的保存时间对3种土壤NH4-N测定结果的影响规律不及NO3-N明显。