Identification of Landscape Elements Related to Local Declines of a Boreal Grey-sided Vole Population

Several studies indicate a long-term decline in numbers of different species of voles in northern Fennoscandia. In boreal Sweden, the long-term decline is most pronounced in the grey-sided vole (Clethrionomys rufocanus). Altered forest landscape structure has been suggested as a possible cause of the decline. However, habitat responses of grey-sided voles at the landscape scale have never been studied. We analyzed such responses of this species in lowland forests in Västerbotten, northern Sweden. Cumulated spring densities representing 22 local time series from 1980–1999 were obtained by a landscape sampling design and were related to the surrounding landscape structure of 2.5×2.5 km plots centred on each of the 22 1-ha trapping plots. In accordance with general knowledge on local habitat preferences of grey-sided voles, our study supported the importance of habitat variables such as boulder fields and old-growth pine forest at the landscape scale. Densities were negatively related to clear cuts. Habitat associations were primarily those of landscape structure related to habitat fragmentation, distance between habitat patches and patch interspersion rather than habitat patch type quantity. Local densities of the grey-sided vole were positively and exponentially correlated with spatial contiguity (measured with the fragmentation index) of old-growth pine forest, indicating critical forest fragmentation thresholds. Our results indicate that altered land use might be involved in the long-term decline of the grey-sided vole in managed forest areas of Fennoscandia. We propose two further approaches to reveal and test responses of this species to changes in landscape structure.     

微孔草的分布及植物群落特征研究

采用定量样地法,对孔微草这一特种油料植物的群落结构、群落变异以及群落特征进行了研究。结果表明,微孔草干物质生产量占总量的比率,休闲地为９．１６％、撩荒地为１６．９０％、油草地为１５．３２％、燕麦地为１０．６６％、青稞地为５．９７％;群落系数相应为８７．０９％、８７．９１％、９１．８２％、９５．６５％、９３．６０％;优势度相应为９．６０％、１３．４５％、１１．９９％、１６．６１％、７．１３％。经主分     

森林资源清查中植被调查与统计技术研究

文章提出了利用森林资源连续清查固定样地进行植被种类和生物量调查的技术方法。此方法通过选择适当时间，提高调查者相关知识，确定样地数量等措施，可满足植物区系调查的要求，对于植被类型确定，植物蕴藏量统计，经济植物开发利用保护的决策，植被演替规律的观测具有实用价值。     

Larger body size with higher predation rate

Abstract –  Many studies have reported that prey fish increase in body size with an increase in piscivore abundance, and this change may be explained mainly by two processes: release from intraspecific competition because of a reduction in the prey fish population and size-dependent selection by the piscivore. However, the evolutionary mechanism is not yet fully understood. Here, we first show the body-size dynamics of the semelparous gobiid fish Gymnogobius isaza , which is one of the prey fishes of the introduced largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides . The data show the possibility that the goby body size might have changed in parallel to the number of largemouth bass from 1975 to 2002, which may be one of the best examples of the positive relationship between body size and predation rate. Furthermore, we explored a mathematical model to consider a body-size change of semelparous fish from an evolutionary viewpoint. The model provided the following qualitative predictions: (1) the optimal assimilation rate increases with predation pressure; (2) a rapid large-scale increase in predation pressure may exterminate the prey fish because of delayed evolution of the assimilation rate; and (3) the optimal assimilation rate increases when the prey fish is more likely to die through predation than through natural mortality or when it is difficult to grow larger because of low resource availability or insufficient foraging efficiency. Moreover, we propose a theoretical framework to evaluate the relative effects of ecological and evolutionary processes over the long term.     

竹林养分循环规律研究：Ⅲ.毛竹纯林竹秆流及其养分输入

在我国毛竹主要产区浙江省安吉县灵峰寺林场试验林的三个区组中，根据立竹直径分布规律确定样竹处理数后，随机布置总共30套秆流收集装置，持续观察21个月，共获91次秆流水。测定每次秆流水量并分析其N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量以研究毛竹林内秆流的变化动态及其养分输入。结果表明：秆流水中不含Ca，其它四元素的年输入量分别为N-1．8557，P-0．0072，K-0.7849，Mg-0.1569，Kg.ha－1；年秆流量为年降水量的12．5％，无论次、月秆流量与相应降水量均为紧密线性相关，但与立竹粗度为显著非线性相关；其它因子，如：立竹所处的坡位、坡向，竹林密度，钩梢强度，立竹分布状况，植株个体表面结构特征等，亦直接或间接地影响着竹秆流的产生和大小。     

Phosphorus losses in surface run-off from grazed permanent pastures on a volcanic soil from Chile

Reactive (RP) and organic phosphorus (OP) losses from grazed paddocks were determined on a volcanic soil during 2004 and 2005. Paddocks were grazed by Holstein Friesian steers (3.5 steers ha^?1) and received N (67.5 kg ha^?1) and P fertilizer (30 kg P ha^?1). Total losses ranged between 4 and 15 g P ha^?1 year^?1 and were greatly affected by incidental P losses associated with spring P fertilizer application. Reactive P constituted 90% of the total losses on average. Due to the high water infiltration capacity of the soil, run‐off was <1% of total drainage, therefore, phosphorus losses in run‐off were small.     

GIS在林业专题制图中的应用

论述了运用于理信息系统软件完成应用遥感技术进行思茅地区样地清查及进行“二项调查”的制衅工作，重点阐明了整个制作过程、成果分析、该注意的几点事项。成果得到相关部门的认可，该方法可应用于林业专题图的制作。     

浙西生态保护区森林对径流量影响

通过对浙西生态保护区昌化溪流域长年降雨量、径流量、森林覆盖率和气温数据分析，评价该流域不同季节森林对河川径流量的影响，认为昌化溪流域森林对径流量的正效应，主要是由夏季森林反射太阳辅射引起的，决定径流量增减的主要因素是降雨量和气温。     

Bulk method of hardwood cutting propagation ofLarix olgensis

Larix olgensis is a major reforestation species in areas of the northeast part of China. Rooted cutting for vegetative propagation on this Larch has been carried out since 1990, and later the bulk method of hardwood cutting propagation also has been studied. The result is as follows: (1) Cuttings from physiologically juvenile trees are easy to root, and develop better roots. In addition, there are many methods to enhance the cuttings rooting. (2) The good time for seedling transplanting is in the middle of August. Treatments with plant hormones and rare-earth compounds can improve the seedling survival rate, and the survival rate of the seedlings soaked in chelate rare-earth molybdenum compound (300×10⁻⁶) for 3 hours reached 94.00%, 19.49% higher than that of the control. (3) Methods of maintaining juvenility such as hedging, is essential to further developments for operational planting of vegetative propagates. Hedges in 5 years old can produce 91.75 shoots per tree, exceeding the control to 152.2%. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)