Marker‐assisted introgression of rare allele of β‐carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) gene into elite quality protein maize inbred for combining high lysine,tryptophan and provitamin A in maize

Vitamin A deficiency in humans is a widespread health problem. Quality protein maize (QPM) is a popular food rich in lysine and tryptophan, but poor in provitamin A (proA). Here, we report the improvement of an elite QPM inbred, HKI1128Q for proA using marker‐assisted introgression of crtRB1‐favourable allele. HKI1128 was one of the parental lines of three popular hybrids in India and was converted to QPM in our earlier programme. Severe segregation distortion for crtRB1 was observed in BC₁F₁, BC₂F₁ and BC₂F₂. Background selection by 100 SSRs revealed mean recovery of 91.07% recurrent parent genome varying from 88.78% to 93.88%. Across years, introgressed progenies possessed higher mean β‐carotene (BC: 9.22 µg/g), β‐cryptoxanthin (BCX: 3.05 µg/g) and provitamin A (proA: 10.75 µg/g) compared to HKI1128Q (BC: 2.26 µg/g, BCX: 2.26 µg/g and proA: 3.38 µg/g). High concentration of essential amino acids, viz. lysine (mean: 0.303%) and tryptophan (0.080%) in endosperm, was also retained. Multi‐year evaluation showed that introgressed progenies possessed similar grain yield (1,759–1,879 kg/ha) with HKI1128Q (1,778 kg/ha). Introgressed progenies with higher lysine, tryptophan and proA hold immense potential as donors and parents in developing biofortified hybrids.     

Evaluating the rumen‐protected lysine stability in forage‐based total mixed rations in vitro and determining the lysine Brix value

Three rumen‐protected lysine (RPL) products (AjiPro^®‐L, LysiPEARL^TM, and Feedtech Bypass Lysine^TM: A, B, and C, respectively) were tested for stability in two forage‐based total mixed rations (TMR1, 41.3% dry matter (DM), and TMR2, 49.5% DM) (experiment 1) and for Brix value (experiment 2). In experiment 1, each RPL product (2 g each) and TMR diet (200 g) were mixed and stored in plastic bags at 20°C for 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr. In experiment 2, each RPL product (2 g) was dispensed into ion‐exchanged water (20 ml) and kept at 20°C for 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr. At each time point, free lysine (Lys) content and Brix values of extracts were measured, and Lys release (LR, %) was calculated. All RPL products LR% varied with varying diets DM and increased with increasing of time exposed to diets; it was highest in C, followed by B, and then A. Water LR% positively correlated with that from diets and with Brix values of Lys dissociated in water. Our results indicated that Lys dissociation from RPL products is affected by diet DM content. Brix value may be used as a potential marker for RPL protection efficacy.     

饲粮赖氨酸水平对产蛋高峰期临武鸭生产性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮赖氨酸水平对产蛋高峰期(30~38周龄)临武鸭生产性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标及氮代谢的影响,以确定产蛋高峰期临武鸭赖氨酸需要量。试验选取体重相近、健康状况良好、产蛋率无显著差异(P0.05)的临武鸭200羽,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复8只鸭。饲粮中赖氨酸水平分别为0.65%、0.75%、0.85%、0.95%、1.05%,试验期63 d。在饲养试验结束后,每组挑选出10只体重接近各组平均体重的试验鸭进行代谢试验。结果显示:1)0.95%和1.05%赖氨酸组日产蛋重显著高于0.65%和0.75%赖氨酸组(P0.05),而0.95%和1.05%赖氨酸组料蛋比显著低于0.65%和0.75%赖氨酸组(P0.05)。2)饲粮赖氨酸水平对蛋品质无显著影响(P0.05)。3)0.85%、0.95%和1.05%赖氨酸组血清总蛋白含量显著高于0.65%赖氨酸组(P0.05)。0.95%赖氨酸组血清中三碘甲腺原氨酸含量显著高于0.65%、0.75%和1.05%赖氨酸组(P0.05)。4)0.95%赖氨酸组净蛋白质利用率和氮沉积量显著或极显著高于0.65%赖氨酸组(P0.05或P0.01)。5)二次曲线分析表明,以总蛋白、净蛋白质利用率和氮沉积为评价指标,产蛋高峰期临武鸭饲粮中赖氨酸需要量分别为0.92%、0.96%和0.95%。由此可见,30~38周龄临武鸭的日产蛋重、料蛋比、总蛋白、净蛋白质利用率和氮沉积对于饲粮中赖氨酸水平的变化较为敏感,而获得较佳的生产性能、血清生化指标和氮平衡的适宜赖氨酸水平为0.92%~0.96%。     

低蛋白饲粮不同添加物对生长育肥猪生产性能的影响

本试验通过降低生长育肥猪饲粮蛋白质水平2个百分点,其它营养水平不变,并在低蛋白饲粮中添加赖氨酸及复合促生长剂1号,共5周的饲养进行对比试验。结果表明：在低蛋白饲粮中添加复合促生长剂1号,能够显著提高生长育肥猪的日增重、饲料转化率及经济效益,并能超过高蛋白饲粮组;在低蛋白粮中添加赖氨酸,可提高生长育肥猪的日增重、饲料利用率及经济效益,但达不到高蛋白饲粮饲喂水平。     

Do plant‐based diets for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) need additions of crystalline lysine or methionine?

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), initial weight 15 g, were fed ten experimental diets for 15 weeks. The diets were based on a mixture of plant proteins (PP) and fish meal (FM), where PP constituted 65% of dietary protein. PP mixtures were chosen to reach as low levels of lysine and methionine as possible. The diets were supplemented with increasing amounts of lysine (19.2–31.9 g kg^?1 diet) or methionine (9.4–12.3 g kg^?1 diet), in a regression design. No growth difference among diet groups was found in the plant‐based diets. Increased dietary lysine resulted in decreased liver size, plasma triacylglycerol concentration (TAG) and lipid productive value (LPV). Methionine additions did not result in changed Hepatosomatic index (HSI), LPV or plasma TAG. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein utilization were neither affected by lysine nor methionine. Plasma and muscle concentrations of free lysine and methionine correlated with dietary levels 5‐h post feeding. Overall conclusion was that cod maintain growth rates in plant‐based diets if dietary protein was high, without additional supplements of crystalline lysine or methionine. Lysine intake significantly influenced lipid metabolism, showing the necessity to add lysine in plant protein‐based diets to hinder increased lipid deposition. No such effects were found because of lack of methionine additions.     

低蛋白质饲粮补充过瘤胃赖氨酸和过瘤胃蛋氨酸对荷斯坦公牛生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质饲粮补充过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPLys)和过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPMet)对荷斯坦公牛生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及氮代谢的影响.选取36头健康无疾病的荷斯坦公牛,随机分为3组,每组12头牛.对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂蛋白质水平为13％的正常饲粮,2个试验组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ组)均饲喂蛋白质水平为11％的低蛋白质饲粮,同时Ⅱ组补...     

中华绒螯蟹对赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和精氨酸的需要量

试验以酪蛋白、白鱼粉、豆粕和晶体氨基酸为蛋白源,配制了15组试验饲料,分别测定了中华绒螯蟹幼蟹对赖氨酸(Lys)、蛋氨酸(Met)和精氨酸(Arg)的需要量。养殖试验在室内玻璃纤维水族缸中进行,试验水温为(28±3.0)℃,pH为7.4左右,试验周期为56 d。试验组1～试验组5为Lys试验,试验组6～试验组10为Met试验,试验组11～试验组15为Arg试验,试验用蟹平均初重分别为:Lys试验(2.050±0.027)g,Met试验(2.027±0.033)g,Arg试验(2.05±0.032)g。每个试验设5个氨基酸梯度,其中Lys梯度为:1.58%、1.98%、2.38%、2.78%和3.18%;Met梯度为:0.50%、0.75%、1.00%、1.25%和1.50%;Arg梯度为:1.39、2.09、2.79、3.49和4.19%。每个梯度设3重复。试验结果表明,Lys试验中,试验组3(含2.38% Lys)获得最大的增重率和特定生长率,但与试验组2(1.98%Lys)和试验组4(2.78%Lys)之间没有显著性差异;且试验组3的全蟹水分含量显著较低,而蛋白质含量显著较高(P<0.05)。Met试验中,试验组8(含1.00% Met)的增重率和特定生长率显著较高(P<0.05),而其它试验组的增重率和特定生长率差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组10 全蟹水分含量显著较高,而粗蛋白含量显著较低(P<0.05)。Arg试验中,试验组14(日粮含3.49% Arg)的增重率和特定生长率显著高于其它试验组(P<0.05);而各试验组间全蟹营养组成均没有显著性差异。根据试验的生长反应和二次曲线回归分析,确定了中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饲料中最适赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和精氨酸的需要量分别为2.34%,1.12% 和 3.62%。     

Lysine limitation alters the storage pattern of protein,lipid and glycogen in on‐growing Atlantic salmon

This experiment aimed to test the interaction of lysine limitation with nutrient accretion and muscle carnitine depot in Atlantic salmon. Fish were fed adequate or low‐lysine diets for 3 months. Lysine intake was significantly less (48%) in fish fed the low‐lysine diet as compared with that fed the adequate one. There was no difference in dietary amino acids between treatments, with the exception of lysine. The lower lysine intake was reflected in plasma free lysine being 52% less while the free lysine concentration in the liver and muscle were unaffected. Although there was no significant difference between voluntary feed intakes among treatments, fish fed the low‐lysine diet had reduced growth, protein and energy deposition as compared with fish fed the adequate lysine diet. White trunk muscle contained more glycogen and less protein in fish fed the low‐lysine diet while no difference in lipid was observed. The livers from fish fed the low‐lysine diet contained less glycogen and slightly more fat and protein than the livers from fish fed the adequate lysine diet. Lysine limitation reduced carnitine in the liver without affecting muscle carnitine depot. Thus, low‐lysine diets did not likely affect the fatty acid oxidation capacity. This fact was supported by unaffected fatty acid profiles and lipid classes between treatments during the 3‐month study. In conclusion, lysine limitation does not deplete the muscle carnitine depot during the on‐growing seawater phase of Atlantic salmon, but affects the deposition pattern of nutrients.     

Amino acid absorption and protein synthesis responses of turbot Scophthalmus maximus to lysine and leucine in free,dipeptide and tripeptide forms

The study aimed to investigate the effects of crystalline Lys and Leu, Lys‐Leu dipeptide and Lys‐Leu‐Lys/Leu‐Lys‐Leu tripeptide, on growth, postprandial Lys and Leu concentrations, gene expression of peptide and amino acid (AA) transporters and related gene expression of protein synthesis pathway in turbot. Three diets (CAA, Di and Tri) contained Lys and Leu as free (Lys and Leu), dipeptide (Lys‐Leu) and tripeptide (Lys‐Leu‐Lys/Leu‐Lys‐Leu) forms, respectively. Improved growth was observed in the Di group compared with the CAA group. For peptide and AAs transporters, PepT1, B⁰AT1 and y⁺LAT2 mRNA levels were affected in proximal intestine by dietary treatments. Free Lys and Leu concentrations in the CAA group were significantly higher than that of the Di and Tri groups at 6 hr postfeeding in serum and at 2, 6 and 24 hr postfeeding in muscle. For protein synthesis pathway in muscle, Akt2, TOR and S6k1 gene expression were the highest in the Di group and the lowest in the CAA group, whereas MuRF1 relative expression was the highest in the Tri group. In conclusion, dietary Lys‐Leu dipeptide was utilized more efficiently than free Lys and Leu or Lys‐Leu‐Lys/Leu‐Lys‐Leu tripeptide for turbot by regulating AAs transport, postprandial AAs concentration and the synthesis of muscle proteins.     

Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile Protonibea diacanthus

An 8‐week experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary lysine requirement for juvenile Protonibea diacanthus. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain levels of 10.8 (L10.8), 18.2 (L18.2), 26.1 (L26.1), 33.9 (L33.9), 40.7 (L40.7) and 48.6 g/kg (L48.6) of diets and were fed to the juvenile Protonibea diacanthus, respectively. The results indicated that weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and final weight (FW) increased as the dietary lysine level increased from 10.8 to 26.1 g/kg and then decreased as the dietary lysine levels further increased (p < .05). The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found when dietary lysine level was 26.1 g/kg. Analysis of specific growth rate by two slope broken‐line model indicated that the estimated optimal dietary levels of lysine for juvenile Protonibea diacanthus was 23.06 g/kg (51.24 g/kg dietary protein).