Participatory technology development for incorporating non-timber forest products into forest restoration in Yunnan,Southwest China

Indigenous knowledge has become a topic of considerable interest within the research and development environment. Incorporating indigenous knowledge into state-led ‘top-down’ conservation and development programmes, however, is still a great challenge. This paper presents a case from Yunnan, Southwest China, in which indigenous knowledge has been integrated into the development of an agroforestry model with non-timber forest products for the Sloping Land Conservation Programme (SLCP) by using a participatory technology development (PTD) approach. This approach was adopted to increase the likelihood that technologies developed would be suitable for resource-poor households. It is expected that integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge, will lead to positive ecological and economic outcomes. Finally, the paper argues that the integration of indigenous knowledge in both forestry policy formulation and implementation is important in the context of sustainable forest management in mountain areas.     

Dynamics of wood recruitment in streams of the northeastern US

Wood is an important component of forested stream ecosystems, and stream restoration efforts often incorporate large wood. In most cases, however, stream restoration projects are implemented without information regarding the amount of wood that historically occurred or the natural rates of wood recruitment. This study uses a space-for-time analysis to quantify large wood loading to 28 streams in the northeastern US with a range of in-stream and riparian forest characteristics. We document the current volume and frequency of occurrence of large wood in streams with riparian forests varying in their stage of stand development as well as stream size and gradient. Linear models relating stream wood characteristics to stream geomorphic and forest characteristics were compared using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) model selection. The AIC analysis indicated that the volume and frequency of large wood and wood accumulations (wood jams) in streams was most closely associated with the age of the dominant canopy trees in the riparian forest (best models: log₁₀(large wood volume (m³ 100 m⁻¹)) = (0.0036 × stand age) − 0.2281, p < 0.001, r² = 0.80; and large wood frequency (number per 100 m) = (0.1326 × stand age) + 7.3952, p < 001, r² = 0.63). Bankfull width was an important factor accounting for wood volume per unit area (m³ ha⁻¹) but not the volume of wood per length of stream (100 m⁻¹). The empirical models developed in this study were unsuccessful in predicting wood loading in other regions, most likely due to difference in forest characteristics and the legacy of forest disturbance. However, these models may be applicable in other streams in the northeastern US or in streams with comparable riparian forests, underlying geology, and disturbance regimes—factors that could alter long-term wood loading dynamics. Our results highlight the importance of understanding region-specific processes when planning stream restoration and stream management projects.     

浙江海宁鼠尾山露采废弃矿山植被修复的群落结构和持水效应研究

采用客土喷播、植生袋围堰造坑植树和基质型容器苗种植等技术对浙江海宁鼠尾山露采废弃矿山进行植被修复,3 a后形成乔木盖度31％、灌木盖度52％、草本盖度59％的森林植物群落,物种多样性较丰富,与周边山体自然植被的相似度为0.127 6.地上部分灌木和草本的生物干质量为657.16 g·m-2,地下部分生物干质量为254.82 g·m-2,枯落物干质量148.82 g·m-2.地上灌草植被和枯落物及土壤三者合计的蓄持水量为15.5 kg·m-22.研究结果为矿山生态环境治理的生态效益评价提供了基础数据和科学依据.     

帽儿山不同森林类型生物多样性恢复效果分析

通过对帽儿山7种典型森林类型(示范区)植被恢复的调查,以生物多样性为研究对象,应用主成分分析、典型相关分析的方法,对各示范区恢复情况进行评分,并分析示范区植被恢复效果与影响因素之间的关系。结果表明:恢复时间、采伐方式对生物多样性的恢复和分布起主导作用,示范区Ⅵ(白桦-水曲柳混交林)营造樟子松与水曲柳带状混交林的恢复效果最好,示范区Ⅶ(白桦-山槐混交林)恢复效果次之。研究结果为森林生物多样性恢复方式的选择提供决策支持。     

淄博市周边破坏山体立地类型划分

以淄博市周边破坏山体为研究对象,根据野外调查结合植被恢复的影响程度,确定了破坏山体外貌形态、边坡高度、坡度、土层厚度和砾石含量5个立地因子,并对之进行了分级量化;利用聚类分析法将破坏山体划分为7个立地类型和16个亚型;不同立地类型特征和植被恢复难易程度不同。     

雨雪冰冻灾害中林业损失评估与恢复对策

由于受拉尼娜事件影响和大气环境的持续异常,我国南方出现罕见低温雨雪冰冻天气,造成大面积森林资源破坏。本文重点分析了林业受损状况,提出了森林资源资产损失评估原则、思路和基本方法,从清理林地、规划设计、苗圃育苗、病虫害防治、组织领导等5个方面论述了灾区森林资源恢复重建技术与措施。     

南方雨雪冰冻灾后林业生态恢复的措施

分析了2008年南方雨雪冰冻灾害对植被和土壤生态系统等产生的影响,认为林木受灾、珍稀濒危植物和名木古树受损、动物栖息地破坏和土壤生态系统受损等雪灾引发的生态问题影响巨大而长远。探讨了灾后生态恢复与重建的措施:开展植被与生态环境受损情况监测与调查,受损生境及土壤生态系统恢复,受损植物物种的恢复,受损森林生态系统恢复与重建,野生动物栖息地的恢复与完善,以及灾区可持续发展规划与防灾减灾对策制定等。     

湿地生态系统服务功能及其恢复与保护对策

湿地是地球上一种重要的生态系统,具有多种生态服务功能。本文在介绍湿地生态系统各项服务功能、湿地退化原因及恢复理论的前提下,提出湿地恢复与保护相应对策,对湿地资源可持续利用和湿地恢复与重建具有重要意义。     

The burning characteristics of southeastern oaks: Discriminating fire facilitators from fire impeders

In southeastern pine–oak ecosystems, ecological restoration targets oaks for removal by chemical, mechanical, burning, or combinations of treatments. Managers often pursue oak removal indiscriminately despite the poorly understood historical structure, cover, and ecological function within these ecosystems. Restoration treatments often cite the impediment that oak litter represents to prescribed fire spread and effectiveness. We evaluated the burning characteristics of eight southeastern Quercus spp. by burning collected litter under controlled conditions in a combustion chamber. Replicated burns consisted of 15 g of litter on a 35 cm × 35 cm grid of xylene-soaked cotton strings. Burning characteristics measured included maximum flame height (cm), flaming duration (s), smoldering duration (s), residual ash, and mass loss rate (g s⁻¹). We compared all 8 oaks using ANCOVA, with litterbed depth as a covariate. The oaks differed for all burning characteristics measured (P < 0.001). Rank comparisons placed Quercus stellata and Quercus laevis as the species with greatest fire intensity, sustainability, and consumability, equivalent in many measures to longleaf pine and other fire resisters. Quercus virginiana and Quercus hemisphaerica burned with the least intensity, sustainability, and consumability, burning similarly to sand pine and other fire evaders. These results show that oaks common to southeastern United States ecosystems have litter properties, similar to pines, which vary in their ability to sustain fire. Understanding the pyric properties of oak species also suggests that managers prioritize removal of species that hinder prescribed fire effectiveness for restoration of southeastern USA pine–oak ecosystems.     

南阳白河国家湿地公园河流湿地生态修复措施及分析

白河国家湿地公园位于河南省南阳市,跨两县三区,其湿地生态环境具有中原地区典型河流湿地特征.白河国家湿地公园自开始试点建设以来,通过加大湿地的保护与恢复,取得了一定的成效,但还仍然存在局部水质污染、采砂迹地面积大、生境类型单一、景观品质不高等问题.该文针对上述问题提出采取加强水质保护、入河溪流修复、湿地植物多样性恢复、营...