High frequency plantlet regeneration from callus and artificial seed production of rock plant Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. (Poaceae)

Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. is a rock plant with good potential for vegetative recovery on naked lands. A high frequency in vitro regeneration system was developed for P. paniceum. Calli were induced from explants of mature seeds, seedlings, young leaves, and stem segments on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L⁻¹ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2.0 mg L⁻¹ α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.2 mg L⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). High induction rates (59.57%) and regeneration rates (100%) were obtained from mature seed explants; calli were sub-cultured for over 2 years and still retained a high regenerative capacity. One seed explant resulted in 69,997 plants in 1 year. Shoot buds derived from calli were used for encapsulation in liquid MS medium containing 3% sucrose and two different alginate matrices (3% sodium alginate (w/v) + MS medium containing 3% sucrose and 3% sodium alginate + 1% activated carbon (w/v) + MS medium containing 3% sucrose) with a 20-min exposure to 2% CaCl₂ and 0.3% bavistin (w/v). The capsule with 3.0% sodium alginate (w/v) and 1% activated carbon (w/v) showed a higher conversion rate (61.58%) and stronger plantlets under non-aseptic conditions. These systems are useful for the rapid clonal propagation and dissemination of artificial seed material of P. paniceum for eco-recovery.     

Cryopreservation of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) shoot tips by encapsulation-vitrification

Shoot tips excised from in vitro cultured plants of Dianthus caryophyllus L. (cv. Pallas, cv. Pink Candy and cv. Wanessa) were successfully cryopreserved using an encapsulation-vitrification method. Shoot tips (2–3 mm in length) were encapsulated in sodium alginate, precultured on liquid Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplemented with various sucrose concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 M) for 24 h or 48 h and dehydrated with the vitrification solution PVS2 (up to 4 h) at 24 °C or 0 °C prior to direct immersion in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C). A maximum of shoot regeneration from cryopreserved shoot tips was obtained with the following combinations: preculture in 0.5 M sucrose and 180 min dehydration treatment at 0 °C for cv. Pallas (60% shoot formation), or preculture in 0.75 M and 200 min dehydration at the same temperature for cv. Pink Candy (66.6% shoot formation) and cv. Wanessa (73% shoot formation).     

Changes in antioxidative system and membrane damage of lettuce in response to salinity and boron toxicity

Individual and combined effects of salinity and B toxicity on growth, the major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) activities, ascorbic acid, proline, and H₂O₂ accumulation, and stomatal resistance (SR), malondialdehyde (MDA), membrane permeability (MP) and the concentrations of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) and boron (B) of lettuce were investigated. Boron toxicity and salinity reduced growth of lettuce plants. Under B toxicity, B concentration of the plants was increased, but in the presence of NaCl, the concentration of B was significantly reduced. Sodium and Cl concentrations were increased in B + NaCl and NaCl treatments. Membrane damage was more pronounced in NaCl and B + NaCl treatments. Stomatal resistance of the plants was significantly increased by salinity treatments. The accumulation of proline and ascorbic acid was the highest in the B + NaCl treatment. In general, stress conditions significantly increased H₂O₂ and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and APX) activities. The present results indicate that stomatal closure is an important response of lettuce against NaCl and B + NaCl stress. Furthermore NaCl and B + NaCl toxicity-induced oxidative stress in lettuce resulting in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Increased antioxidant enzyme activities and also accumulation of ascorbic acid and proline are involved in order to overcome B- and NaCl-induced oxidative stress.     

落叶果树需冷量及其估算模型研究进展

落叶果树的需冷量得到满足,才能顺利完成自然休眠,进行下一个生长发育循环(尤其是正常开花结果),否则其他环境条件再适宜,果树也不萌芽开花,即使萌芽也不整齐,生长结果不良,达不到促成栽培的目的[1].因此,对落叶果树需冷量及其估算的研究至关重要,成为落叶果树设施栽培成败的关键.本文仅就需冷量估算模型进行介绍,以期为设施栽培和更完善的需冷量估算提供理论依据.……     

川东南马尾松外生菌根苗及其抗铝性研究

采自西南地区分离的马尾松林常见的土著菌株松乳菇(Lactarius deliciosus 01,03)、彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius 715)和模式种双色蜡蘑(Laccaria bicolor S238N)的基质纯培养物及液体纯培养物,分别按混合(Mix=Ld 01 Ld 03 Pt 715 Lb S238N)及单独接种的方式接种1月龄马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗.菌根苗在不同pH土壤及铝胁迫条件下培育3个月后采样分析其生长和养分吸收特性.结果表明:4种接种方式均能有效形成菌根,显著增加幼苗的生物量,促进幼苗对N、P、K的吸收并显著(P＜0.05)提高抗铝性;混合接种促进马尾松幼苗生长的效果较单独接种好,并且pH=6.1时,幼苗对K的吸收量最大,铝吸收量最少;pH=4.1时,幼苗对N、P的吸收效果最好,但对K的吸收和对铝的抗性最差.     

应用隶属函数法综合评价葡萄种间抗寒性

在冷冻胁迫条件下,测定了葡萄属12个种45个株系枝条的膜透性变化、含水量动态变化及萌芽能力3项指标,并以种内不同株系间3项指标的平均值综合评价了12个种的抗寒性。结果表明,我国葡萄属野生种(东亚种群)山葡萄、燕山葡萄以及美洲种群中的河岸葡萄为高抗类型;蘡薁葡萄、复叶葡萄、毛葡萄为中抗类型;秋葡萄、刺葡萄、瘤枝葡萄为低抗类型;秦岭葡萄、麦黄葡萄和欧洲葡萄为不抗类型。抗寒性指标间相关性分析表明,利用平均隶属度评价葡萄抗寒性最为科学,为鉴定葡萄新种质提供了依据。     

不同覆盖物对玉米抗旱栽培的效果研究

在绵阳旱区的盐亭县,对夏玉米用不同覆盖物进行抗旱试验,结果表明:地膜覆盖使土壤温度和土壤水分提高,秸秆和壳类覆盖使土壤温度降低和土壤水分提高;覆盖物对玉米产量的增加作用是地膜＞小麦秸秆＞水稻秸秆＞玉米秸秆＞小麦壳＞菜子壳.但从经济效益和生态效益分析,小麦秸秆是最好的玉米抗旱覆盖物.     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘增温效应研究

利用2年沙漠边缘至绿洲4个观测点的气象资料,计算得到感热通量、湍流热量、净辐射、同一高度的气压等,讨论这些要素的时间和空间变化规律,解释绿洲至沙漠气温逐渐增加的原因,以对沙漠增温效应做出进一步的分析,为发挥特定地区的农业气候资源优势,促进农业结构调整和区域经济发展及构建新型农业技术体系提供理论基础.     

内蒙野丁香(Leptodermis ordosica H.C.Fuet E.W.Ma)的形态解剖学研究

内蒙野丁香(Leptodermis ordosica H.C.Fu et E.W.Ma)的各器官内薄壁细胞均含草酸钙针晶,是对其生长地土壤高含钙量的有效适应;叶表皮细胞的胞质粘稠,则增加了其保水能力;此外,茎中发达的木栓层是良好的隔热材料,可以抵挡高温对它的伤害。结果表明内蒙野丁香具明显的旱化结构特征,是对荒漠区山地干旱环境条件的协同适应。鉴于此种的观赏园艺特性,可以尝试在内蒙古中西部地区的城市绿化中加以利用。     

低浓度玉米小斑病菌C小种毒素培养滤液对玉米叶片过氧化物酶活性的诱导作用

分别用不同低浓度玉米小斑病菌C小种毒素培养滤液处理两种基因型(C103和B37)的同核异质系的玉米叶片,以提高玉米叶片内过氧化物酶(POD)的活性;结果说明:过氧化物酶的活性变化与植物抗病性呈正相关,低浓度C毒素培养滤液本身能够作为激发子来诱导玉米获得抗性,故低浓度C毒素培养滤液作为激发子来诱导玉米的系统获得性抗性具有一定的广适性。对CB37和CC103的处理中,1∶60处理组效果均表现为较好,POD酶活性最高。