柠条不同种植密度对植物群落稳定性影响的研究

针对毛乌素沙地柠条不同种植密度对植物群落稳定性的影响,选择不同种植密度和自然恢复地进行研究对比,结果表明:自然恢复地以狗尾草、虫实、猪毛菜为主要优势种,建植柠条后,种植密度为1660丛/公顷的带间草本植物的重要值发生了很大的变化。多年生的植物种草木樨状黄芪、白草开始侵入并逐步成为优势种。种植密度为2490丛/公顷的带间草本植物则逐步演替为白草、沙蒿为主的植物群落。群落的植被盖度则以2490丛/公顷、1660丛/公顷的较高,分别达到了86.17%、80.33%,3330丛/公顷最低为64.17%,比自然恢复地低13.28%。通过对种植不同密度柠条林各样地群落种百分数与累积相对频度比值的计算,发现种植密度为2490丛/公顷、1660丛/公顷样地群落种百分数与累积相对频度比值最接近20/80的稳定点。可以看出随着柠条带间距的增加柠条带内的植物群落更加趋于稳定。     

额济纳盆地植物地下微生境深度范围的确定——土壤酶指示法

地下微生境位置的确定对于干旱区植被生态系统的恢复具有重要意义,但目前尚没有准确、简单可行的确定方法.应用额济纳盆地的野外调查与室内实验数据,分析了3类植物群落结构(草本 灌木组合、灌木 乔木组合及草本 灌木 乔木组合)中的土壤过氧化氢酶活性曲线.结果发现:过氧化氢酶活性曲线的各峰值区与植物群落中各生活型植物的根群位置对应,而已有研究指出植物的根群位置正与植物的地下微生境位置对应.因此,可以通过分析过氧化氢酶活性曲线来确定植物地下微生境的空间位置.     

中国自然保护区基于社区的生态旅游发展研究

本文引入了国外基于社区的生态旅游这一新发展理念。然后分析了基于社区的生态旅游发展对我国自然保护区的意义。本文认为社区参与是自然保护区保护与发展的新范式,社区参与是自然保护区保护与发展的必然选择;从社区的角度来看,笔者认为基于社区的生态旅游有利于增强保护区社区的自我发展能力,促进旅游社区的可持续发展;基于社区的生态旅游是生态旅游的高级阶段。在基于社区的生态旅游利益主体分析的基础上,对中国基于社区的自然保护区生态旅游发展现状进行了深入研究,探讨社区参与能力的原因。最后,提出了提高社区参与能力,促进保护区生态旅游发展的几点建议。     

基于RS和GIS的吉林省城乡居民地区划特征分析

探讨吉林省的城乡居民地的空间格局对于城镇建设和相关基础设施建设无疑具有很大的参考价值。本文以TM为数据源提取了吉林省居民地空间分布信息。在GIS技术支撑下,结合区划理论和聚落地理学说,分析了吉林省城乡居民地的空间格局。结果表明,吉林省城乡居民地空间分布区划为三个区,分别是东部区、中部区和西部区。中部区城镇居民地和农村居民地密集,且城镇化程度最高;东、西部区城镇居民地景观指数无明显差别,但农村居民地的景观指数明显有差别。从居民地分布类型来看,城镇居民地与农村居民地在各区内都呈随机分布,但其指示参数最近邻点指数还是体现出明显的区划差异。     

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED Exergy as an ecological application used in the recovery process of benthic communities

Exergy, the thermodynamic function that represents the distance of an open system from equilibrium, is proposed as an ecological indicator for summarizing the complex dynamics occurring in a disturbed community during its recovery processes. These complex dynamics can be difficult to capture by using classical indices. In this study, we sampled macrobenthos using the BACI scheme (before versus after; control versus impact) in tidal wetlands of west Chongming Island, China, an area that has been disturbed by ecological engineering measures. Exergy storage is estimated for benthic communities. The control area is proposed as dynamic reference for estimating local exergy storage of the benthic community. Three different methods were used for estimating exergy on the basis of coefficients: (a) taken for taxa groups; (b) estimated from coding genes given for broad taxonomic groups; and (c) estimated from genome size taken as close as possible to the taxonomic level of the species, providing a basis for inferring similarities. We found a decrease of local exergy content in the disturbed area 9 days after the disturbance. Subsequently, the reference exergy of the benthic community increased (i.e. in the surrounding control area) in accordance with the proposed hypothesis regarding the dynamics of exergy storage during a system's development. Estimates of local exergy arrived at using the three methods provided comparable results. Based on this, we then discuss the feasibility of using the more readily available genome size data for estimating exergy. This result may have important implications for broader application of this indicator to biological systems. Moreover, the adjacent control samples seem to represent an appropriate dynamic reference for estimating the local exergy of disturbed communities. We found that exergy was a useful indicator that integrates the processes underlying the recovery of the benthic community after disturbance.     

新疆北屯绿洲弃耕农田的植被变化特征

在北屯绿洲选择了3组不同年限的次生盐渍化弃耕农田,分别计算了样地内每种植物的重要值,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数测定了生物多样性.结果表明:3组群落组成存在显著差异,优势种更替明显.3组群落构成依次为,一年生草本、一年生草本 多年生小半灌木、多年生草本 灌木.物种多样性表现为2年群落＞5年群落＞13年群落;群落均匀度表现为2年群落＞5年群落,而5年与13年群落相当,但是生态优势度却表现出与物种多样性相反的趋势,即2年群落＜5年群落＜13年群落.     

多糖和寡糖的体外发酵特性及其对鸡盲肠微生物菌群的影响

本研究采用体外累积发酵产气法和16SrDNA指纹图谱鉴定技术研究了来自香菇、银耳和黄芪的天然免疫活性多糖(LenE,TreE和AstE)及酵母胞壁甘露寡糖(MOS)对鸡肠道微生物菌群及其发酵特性的影响。结果表明,三种多糖提取物的总糖含量均占干物质的60%以上,而MOS总糖含量在90%以上。多糖和寡糖具有不同的发酵模式;MOS、AstE和LenE三种糖的发酵模式相似,呈一阶段发酵模式;TreE呈两阶段的发酵模式。三种糖中,MOS和AstE发酵速度较TreE快。MOS和AstE在发酵后总VFA产量最高,pH最低;黄芪多糖发酵后产生较多的直链脂肪酸和较低的氨。这些多糖和寡糖提取物影响肠道微生物的活性和组成成分,体现在发酵模式和发酵终产物的显著改变上。以上研究结果表明,来自香菇、银耳和黄芪的天然免疫活性多糖(LenE,TreE和AstE)及酵母胞壁甘露寡糖(MOS)在体外发酵后,均具有显著改变鸡盲肠微生物发酵终产物的含量和盲肠微生物活性的作用。     

Multi-scale study of bird species distribution and of their response to vegetation change: a Mediterranean example

Land use changes operate at different scales. They trigger a cascade of effects that simultaneously modify the composition or structure of the landscape and of the local vegetation. Mobil animals, and birds in particular, can respond quickly to such multi-scalar changes. We took advantage of a long term study on the response of songbirds to land-use changes on four Mediterranean islands in Corsica and Sardinia to explore the benefits of a multi-scale analysis of the relationships between songbird distribution, vegetation structure and landscape dynamics. Field data and aerial photographs were used to describe the vegetation at three different scales. Birds were censused by point counts. We used statistical variance decomposition to study how bird distribution and vegetation at various scales were linked. We analysed multi-scale vegetation changes (floristic composition, plot vegetation type, and landscape structure) and their consequences on bird distribution with multivariate and non-parametrical tests. The distribution of most species was linked to at least two spatial scales. The weight of a given scale was consistent with life-history traits for species whose biology was well-known. In the examples studied, vegetation composition, vegetation type and landscape changes that resulted from land abandonment negatively affected birds depending on open or heterogeneous areas. Our results emphasize that multi-scale analyses can greatly enhance our understanding of bird distribution and of their changes. Management of these populations should take into account measures at various spatial scales depending on the sensitivity of the species.     

自然保护区林缘社区能源需求分析与研究——以甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区为例

本文以白水江自然保护区林缘社区居民能源需求调查为依据,初步说明了林缘社区能源需求的现状。在此基础上,分析了当地居民对森林的依赖程度,进而对这种高依赖度的成因及对自然保护区生态环境的影响做出了有益的探讨,并提出了相应的建议和对策。