考虑全局应力约束的大变形柔顺机构拓扑构型设计

为了避免大变形引起静强度失效,提出一种考虑全局应力约束的大变形柔顺机构拓扑优化设计方法。采用Total Lagrangian描述方法和增量式Newton Raphson法求解机构的大变形响应问题;采用基于假设密度场的单元势能插值法,从而避免几何非线性拓扑优化出现的数值不收敛问题;以输出位移最大化作为优化目标,采用改进的P范数将机构所有单元局部应力约束转换为一个全局应力约束,构建考虑全局应力约束的柔顺机构几何非线性拓扑优化模型,采用移动渐近线算法求解优化问题。数值算例结果表明,采用本文方法获得的大变形柔顺机构能够有效满足应力约束。随着允许应力约束值的减小,机构构型中的铰链区域逐渐扩大,使机构的柔度分布更加均匀,但是输出位移逐渐减小。     

基因组步行法扩增Artemin基因上游调控序列

为克隆artemin基因上游调控序列,探明该基因表达的调控机理,分别用4种不同的具有平末端的限制性内切酶消化卤虫基因组DNA,然后与DNA接头连接,构建成无载体连接的卤虫Genome Walker DNA文库．利用基因组步行法,经2轮TD—PCR扩增出长度约750bp的artemin基因上游调控序列片段,扩增产物测序后得到2个长度分别为209bp和210bp的序列．序列分析表明：在3’—末端片段中,存在转录起始位点“TTATTT”,TATA框位于-32～-38,CAAT框则位于-75～-78．此外,在这两个片段中还存在一些潜在的TFIIB识别元件,GC盒,AT富含元件,这些元件对于该基因的转录具有一些潜在的调控作用．     

基于YOLO v7-ECA模型的苹果幼果检测

为实现自然环境下苹果幼果的快速准确检测,针对幼果期苹果果色与叶片颜色高度相似、体积微小、分布密集,识别难度大的问题,提出了一种融合高效通道注意力(Efficient channel attention, ECA)机制的改进YOLO v7模型(YOLO v7-ECA)。在模型的3条重参数化路径中插入ECA机制,可在不降低通道维数的前提下实现相邻通道局部跨通道交互,有效强调苹果幼果重要信息、抑制冗余无用特征,提高模型效率。采集自然环境下苹果幼果图像2 557幅作为训练样本、547幅作为验证样本、550幅作为测试样本,输入模型进行训练测试。结果表明,YOLO v7-ECA网络模型准确率为97.2%、召回率为93.6%、平均精度均值(Mean average precision, mAP)为98.2%、F1值为95.37%。与Faster R-CNN、SSD、Scaled-YOLO v4、YOLO v5、YOLO v6、YOLO v7网络模型相比,其mAP分别提高15.5、4.6、1.6、1.8、3.0、1.8个百分点,准确率分别提高49.7、0.9、18.5、1.2、0.9、1.0个百分点,...     

高压静电场解冻机理分析

为了探索高压静电场解冻机理,优化解冻工艺,提高解冻效率,通过采用针电极、线电极和板电极在不同的电压下对冰进行了解冻速度对比试验,同时进行了针电极下冰加玻璃罩与不加罩的解冻速度对比试验和线电极下电极间距（电压）、线间距对解冻速度的影响试验。试验结果表明：采用板电极解冻效果不明显,而采用线电极和针电极能获得较大的解冻速度,加玻璃罩后冰的解冻速度明显低于未加罩冰的解冻速度,上下电极间距（电压）和线间距也都对解冻速度有一定影响,最后分析了解冻机理,认为离子风对冰的冲击作用是导致解冻速度增加的主要原因。     

亚/超临界乙醇液化玉米秸秆反应路径与机理

为了建立玉米秸秆在亚/超临界乙醇中进行液化各集总组分之间的主要反应路径图,考查反应过程中乙醇对产物的影响机理。该文利用集总的方法,根据产物和原料的性质将产物与原料分为气体、易挥发物、轻油、重油、固体物5个集总,考查了液化过程（升温过程和反应过程）和乙醇量对各集总产物的分布规律的影响,建立了5集总组分之间的主要液化反应路径图。结果表明,玉米秸秆在反应温度到达180℃之前主要是水溶性有机物参加反应,主要生成了挥发物、气体与少量的重油;当反应温度达到180℃之后玉米秸秆3种主要成分（纤维素、半纤维素、木质素）开始液化,主要产物是挥发物、轻油、重油和气体;液化过程中挥发物与重油之间存在着可逆反应,轻油在液化过程中发生二次反应主要生成气体。乙醇在液化过程中除了起到了传热作用和充当反应溶剂外还为反应过程提供自由基,对产物起到了重整作用。     

镉砷复合污染土壤钝化材料研究进展

我国土壤重金属污染严重,尤以镉砷污染最为突出。镉砷复合污染土壤中各元素间表现为拮抗和协同等作用,其有效态含量受土壤pH变化和氧化还原电位等的影响,增加了镉砷复合污染土壤的修复难度,严重威胁我国粮食安全。综述了常见的镉砷复合污染土壤钝化修复材料的优缺点及其对镉砷复合污染土壤钝化修复效果和机理。常见的钝化材料有生物质炭类、磷酸盐类、金属及其氧化物类、含硅类材料、黏土矿物类、有机肥类和新型材料等。有大量研究表明生物质炭材料对镉有良好的吸附效果,为了同时钝化镉砷,通常使用改性生物质炭或与其他材料配合施用,常见的改性/配施材料有金属及其氧化物、黏土矿物、家禽粪便、复合肥等,其钝化反应机制包括离子交换、共沉淀和表面络合等;磷酸盐类主要与铁盐或铁粉配施,通过吸附和同晶替代钝化镉、点位竞争机制钝化砷;金属及其氧化物类多与生物质炭、石灰和黏土矿物等配施,通过专性吸附和共沉淀钝化镉、氧化还原和络合作用等钝化砷;铁硅肥、硅钙肥、硅钾肥等通过共沉淀钝化镉、专性吸附和点位竞争机制钝化砷;黏土矿物中多施用海泡石,主要与金属氧化物和钙镁磷肥等配施,通过离子交换、沉淀和络合反应钝化镉砷;污泥和动物粪便中含有腐殖化程度较高的有机质,主要通过吸附、氧化还原和有机络合以及微生物作用钝化镉砷;此外,富含巯基和氨基、谷聚多以及富含硫和硒的物质也可有效钝化镉砷。本文对镉砷复合污染土壤钝化修复材料进行总结,归纳了镉砷钝化材料特性,以期为镉砷复合污染土壤修复提供一定的指导。     

A review of cadmium sorption mechanisms on soil mineral surfaces revealed from synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy: Implications for soil remediation

The sorption of cadmium(Cd) is one of the most important chemical processes in soil, affecting its fate and mobility in both soil and water and ultimately controlling its bioavailability. In order to fundamentally understand the sorption/desorption of Cd in soil systems, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy(XAFS) has been applied in numerous studies to provide molecular-level information that can be used to characterize the surface adsorption and precipitation reactions that Cd can undergo. This information greatly improves our current knowledge of the possible chemical reactions of Cd in soil. This paper critically reviews the mechanisms of Cd sorption/desorption at the mineral-water interface based on XAFS studies performed over the past twenty years. An introduction to the basic concepts of sorption processes is provided, followed by a detailed interpretation of XAFS theory and experimental data collection and processing,ending finally with a discussion of the atomic/molecular-scale Cd sorption mechanisms that occur at the soil mineral-water interface. Particular emphasis is placed on literature that discusses Cd adsorption and speciation when associated with iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides and aluminosilicate minerals.Multiple sorption mechanisms by which Cd is sorbed by these minerals have been found, spanning from outer-sphere to inner-sphere to surface precipitation,depending on mineral type, surface loading, and pH. In addition, the application of complementary techniques(e.g.,113 Cd nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and molecular dynamics simulation) for probing Cd sorption mechanisms is discussed. This review can help to develop appropriate strategies for the environmental remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.     

利用酵母双杂交技术筛选炭疽菌中与CsSSK1相互作用的蛋白质

炭疽菌（Colletotrichum siamense）是橡胶树等多种热带作物炭疽病的主要病原。双组分系统（two component system）在病原真菌中参与菌体对外界环境变化的适应、耐药性和毒力的调控。该系统包括感受器和应答调节蛋白,SSK1（SLF-interacting SKP1-like1）是双组分系统中的应答调节蛋白。为了了解炭疽菌中SSK1互作蛋白,本研究克隆获得橡胶树炭疽菌的一个应答调节蛋白编码基因CsSSK1,大小为2750 bp,cDNA大小为2190 bp,编码729个氨基酸,包含1个内含子,具有1个cheY同系物接收结构域和10个复杂结构。并利用酵母双杂交技术,在橡胶树炭疽菌cDNA文库中对CsSSK1互作蛋白进行筛选,共筛选到10个互作蛋白,分别为转酮醇酶、金属内酰胺酶、锌乙醇脱氢酶、泛素亚型X1、微管蛋白以及5个未知或假定蛋白。该结果为进一步研究CsSSK1的功能、互作蛋白及调节机制提供基础。     

Two typical K-efficiency cotton genotypes differ in potassium absorption kinetic parameters and patterns

As a macroelement to plant, potassium (K) absorption mechanism has been widely studied. However, as for cotton genotypes with different K efficiency, how they related to the absorption patterns under K starvation is not fully understood. In this hydroponic experiment, plants were grown at different K levels: low (K1, 2 mg/L) and adequate K level (K2, 20 mg/L) for 2 weeks. K⁺ absorption kinetic parameters were got by Michaelis–Menten equation. By applying K channel-blocking agent, tetraethylammonium and protein modifying reagent N-ethylmaleimide, we evaluated the differences in K absorption mechanisms for two typical cotton genotypes (K-efficient genotype 103 and K-inefficient genotype 122). Results showed that higher affinity to K⁺ and better root formation of genotype 103 resulting in better adaptation in low-K⁺ condition, whether grown in low or adequate K⁺ environment. Further study with K⁺ absorption inhibitors suggested the two genotypes grown in low-K⁺ environment absorbed K⁺ mainly by high-affinity K⁺ absorption systems, and for seedlings grown in adequate K condition, genotype 103 absorbed K⁺ with both K channels and high-affinity proton and mainly by high-affinity K channels, while genotype 122 absorbed K⁺ by K channels. These results indicated that the low-K condition could induce higher affinity to absorb K⁺, and the two cottons with different K efficiency mainly due to different low-K adaptation and absorb K⁺ with different patterns. This could provide a possible theory for the selection of K-efficient varieties.     

双温冷激处理对黄瓜品质和生理的影响及传热特性分析

为探究果蔬冷激过程中传热特性对保鲜效果的影响,分别对黄瓜进行常规冷激处理(0℃冰水混合物处理42min)及双温冷激处理(0℃冰水混合物处理14min后放到6℃冷水中处理14min,最后返回0℃冰水混合物处理14min)。测定了处理过程中黄瓜组织温度分布及贮藏期间失重率、硬度、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性等品质和生理变化,分析了黄瓜贮藏品质与传热特性的内在关系。结果表明:双温冷激处理在延缓细胞膜降解、提高POD活性方面显著优于常规冷激处理(P<0.05),在10℃冷库贮藏15d后,其相对电导率、POD活性分别是常规冷激组的92%及1.24倍;双温冷激黄瓜内部组织温度梯度在处理第29min时的阶跃式升高,以及从处理第29min到处理结束过程中,黄瓜内部组织温度梯度高于常规冷激黄瓜,或许是双温冷激处理黄瓜保鲜效果较好的内在因素。所得结论可为双温冷激处理的应用提供参考。